Tracking Talking: Dual Task Costs of Planning and Producing Speech for Young versus Older Adults

REFERENCES

• Becic , E. , Dell , G. S. , Bock , K. , Garnsey , S. M. , Kubose , T. and Kramer , A. F. 2010 . Driving impairs talking . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 17 : 15 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomer , D. S. and Laver , J. D. 1968 . Slips of the tongue . British Journal of Disorders of Communication , 3 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Bortfield , H. , Leon , S. D. , Bloom , J. E. , Schober , M. F. and Brennan , S. E. 2000 . Disfluency rates in spontaneous speech: Effects of age, relationship, topic, role, and gender . Memory and Language , 44 : 123 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , D. M. and Shafto , M. A. 2004 . Aging and language production . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 13 : 21 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , D. , Worthley , J. and Martin , J. 1988 . “ I'll never forget what's-her-name: Aging and the tip of the tongue experience in everyday life ” . In Practical aspects of memory: Current research and theory , Edited by: Gruneberg , M. M. , Morris , P. and Sykes , R. N. Vol. 2 , 113 – 118 . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Corley , M. and Stewart , O. W. 2008 . Hesitation disfluencies in spontaneous speech: The meaning of um . Language and Linguistics Compass , 2 : 589 – 602 .
   Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Carpenter , P. A. 1980 . Individual differences in working memory and reading . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Ability , 19 : 450 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. 1980 . Errors in speech and short-term memory: The effects of phonemic similarity and syllable position . Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior , 19 : 624 – 634 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira , V. S. and Dell , G. S. 2000 . Effect of ambiguity and lexical availability on syntactic and lexical production . Cognitive Psychology , 40 : 296 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghisletta , P. , Kennedy , K. M. , Rodrigue , K. M. , Lindenberger , U. and Raz , N. 2010 . Adult age differences and the role of cognitive resources in perceptual-motor skill acquisition: Application of a multilevel negative exponential model . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 65B : 163 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman-Eisler , F. 1961 . The significance of changes in the rate of articulation . Language and Speech , 4 : 171 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1988 . “ Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 22 , 193 – 226 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger , T. F. 2005 . Optional that indicates production difficulty: Evidence from disfluencies. Proceedings of the Disfluencies in Spontaneous Speech Workshop, Aix-en-Provence, France .
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , S. and Sumner , A. 2001 . The structure of verbal abilities in young and older adults . Psychology and Aging , 16 : 312 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper , S. , Kynette , D. , Rash , S. and O'Brien , K. 1989 . Life-span changes to adults' language: Effects of memory and genre . Applied Psycholinguistics , 10 ( 1 ) : 49 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , S. , Herman , R. E. and Lian , C. H. T. 2003 . The costs of doing two things at once for young and older adults: Talking while walking, finger tapping, and ignoring speech or noise . Psychology and Aging , 18 : 181 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper , S. , Herman , R. E. and Nartowicz , J. 2005 . Different effects of dual task demands on the speech of young and older adults . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 12 : 340 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper , S. , Schmalzried , R. , Herman , R. , Leedahl , S. and Mohankumar , D. 2008 . The effects of aging and dual task performance on language production . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 16 : 241 – 259 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemper , S. , Schmalzried , R. , Herman , R. and Mohankumar , D. in press a . The effects of varying task priorities on language production by young and older adults . Experimental Aging Research ,
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , S. , Schmalzried , R. , Hoffman , L. and Herman , R. in press b . Aging and the vulnerability of speech to dual task demands . Psychology and Aging ,
   Google Scholar
• Kempler , D. 2005 . Neurocognitive disorders in aging , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Kintsch , W. and Keenan , J. M. 1973 . Reading rate and retention as a function of the number of the propositions in the base structure of sentences . Cognitive Psychology , 5 : 257 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power , M. J. 1985 . Sentence production and working memory . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology , 37A : 367 – 385 .
   Google Scholar
• Power , M. J. 1986 . A technique for measuring processing load during speech production . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 15 : 371 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , S. and Abbeduto , L. 1987 . Indicators of linguistic competence in the peer group conversational behavior of mildly retarded adults . Applied Psycholinguistics , 8 : 19 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipley , W. C. 1940 . A self-administered scale for measuring intellectual impairment and deterioration . Journal of Psychology , 9 : 371 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao , Y.-C. and Weismer , G. 1997 . Interspeaker variation in habitual speaking rate: Evidence for a neuromuscular component . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 40 : 858 – 866 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1958 . The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence , Baltimore, MD : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar