The recognition of facial expressions: An investigation of the influence of age and cognition

REFERENCES

• Adolphs , R. 1999 . Social cognition and the human brain . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 3 ( 12 ) : 469 – 479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APA (American Psychological Association) . 2002 . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct . American Psychologist , 57 : 1060 – 1073 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.57.12.1060
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , L. F. , Mesquita , B. and Gendron , M. 2011 . Context in emotion perception . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 20 ( 5 ) : 286 – 290 . doi: 10.1177/0963721411422522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiter , H. C. , Etcoff , N. L. , Whalen , P. J. , Kennedy , W. A. , Rauch , S. L. Buckner , R. L. 1996 . Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression . Neuron , 17 : 875 – 887 . doi: 10.1016/S0896-73(00)80219-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder , A. J. , Keane , J. , Manes , F. , Antoun , N. and Young , A. W. 2000 . Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury . National Neuroscience , 3 : 1077 – 1078 . doi: 10.1038/80586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder , A. J. , Keane , J. , Manly , T. , Sprengelmeyer , R. , Scott , S. Nimmo-Smith , I. 2003 . Facial expression recognition across the adult life span . Neuropsychologia , 41 : 195 – 202 . doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00149-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. 1997 . Should we call it expression or communication? . Innovations in Social Science Research , 10 ( 4 ) : 333 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1971 . Constants across cultures in the face and emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 17 ( 2 ) : 124 – 129 . doi: 10.1037/h0030377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1976 . Pictures of facial affect , California, USA : Human Interaction Laboratory, University of California Medical Center .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , K. and Schulkin , J. 2003 . Facial expressions of emotion: A cognitive neuroscience perspective . Brain and Cognition , 52 : 52 – 60 . doi: 10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00008-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. M. , Chabris , C. F. and Braver , T. S. 2003 . Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence . Nature Neuroscience , 6 : 316 – 322 . doi: 10.1038/nn1014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herba , C. and Phillips , M. 2004 . Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence: Behavioral and neurological perspectives . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 45 : 1 – 14 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00316.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iidaka , T. , Okada , T. , Murata , T. , Omori , M. , Kosaka , H. Sadato , N. 2002 . Age-related differences in the medial temporal lobe: Responses to emotional faces as revealed by fMRI . Hippocampus , 12 : 352 – 262 . doi: 10.1002/hipo.1113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacowitz , D. M. , Lockenhoff , C. E. , Lane , R. D. , Wright , R. , Sechrest , L. Riedal , R. 2007 . Age differences in recognition of emotion in lexical stimuli and facial expressions . Psychology and Aging , 22 ( 1 ) : 147 – 159 . doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keightley , M. L. , Chiew , K. S. , Winocur , G. and Grady , C. L. 2007 . Age-related differences in brain activity underlying identification of emotional expressions in faces . SCAN , 2 : 292 – 302 . doi: 10.1093/scan/nsm024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keightley , M. L. , Winocur , G. , Burianova , H. , Hongwanishkul , D. and Grady , C. L. 2006 . Age effects on social cognition: Faces tell a different story . Psychology and Aging , 21 ( 3 ) : 558 – 572 . doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb , B. , Wilson , B. and Taylor , L. 1992 . Developmental changes in the recognition and comprehension of facial expression: Implications for frontal lobe function . Brain and Cognition , 20 : 74 – 84 . doi: 10.1016/0278-2626(92)90062-Q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krendl , A. C. and Ambady , N. 2010 . Older adults’ decoding of emotions: Role of dynamic versus static cues and age-related cognitive decline . Psychology and Aging , 25 ( 4 ) : 788 – 793 . doi: 10.1037/a0020607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leppanen , J. M. and Hietanen , J. K. 2004 . Positive facial expressions are recognized faster than negative facial expressions, but why? . Psychological Research , 69 : 22 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPherson , S. E. , Phillips , L. H. and Della Sala , S. 2002 . Age, executive function, and social decision making: A dorsolateral prefrontal theory of cognitive aging . Psychology and Aging , 17 ( 4 ) : 598 – 609 . doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.17.4.598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather , M. , Canli , T. , English , T. , Whitfield , S. , Wais , P. Ochsner , K. 2004 . Amygdala response to emotionally valenced stimuli in older and younger adults . Psychological Science , 15 ( 4 ) : 259 – 262 . doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00662.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather , M. and Carstensen , L. L. 2003 . Aging and attentional bias for emotional faces . Psychological Science , 14 ( 5 ) : 409 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather , M. and Carstensen , L. L. 2005 . Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 9 ( 10 ) : 496 – 502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure , E. B. 2000 . A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents . Psychological Bulletin , 126 ( 3 ) : 424 – 453 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , L. M. 1999 . Facial expression perception in different psychiatric groups (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) , UK : University of St Andrews .
   Google Scholar
• Orgeta , V. and Phillips , L. H. 2008 . Effects on age and emotional intensity on the recognition of facial emotion . Experimental Aging Research , 34 : 63 – 79 . doi: 10.1080/03610730701762047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan , K. L. , Wager , T. , Taylor , S. E. and Liberzon , I. 2002 . Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI . NeuroImage , 16 : 331 – 348 . doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , M. L. , Young , A. W. , Senior , C. , Brammer , M. , Andrews , C. Calder , A. J. 1997 . A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust . Nature , 389 : 495 – 498 . doi: 10.1038/39051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey , A. 1964 . L'examen clinique en psychologie , Paris , , France : Press Universitaires de France .
   Google Scholar
• Ruffman , T. , Halberstadt , J. and Murray , J. 2009 . Recognition of facial, auditory, and bodily emotions in older adults . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 64B ( 6 ) : 696 – 703 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbp072
   Google Scholar
• Ruffman , T. , Henry , J. D. , Livingstone , V. and Phillips , L. H. 2008 . A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 32 : 863 – 881 . doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , J. J. , Geisser , M. E. , Randall , D. M. and Georgemiller , R. J. 1986 . Alternate form reliability and equivalency of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 ( 5 ) : 611 – 616 . doi: 10.1080/01688638608405179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 2000 . Aging and measures of processing speed . Biological Psychology , 54 : 35 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 2010 . Major issues in cognitive aging , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. and Davis , H. P. 2006 . Organization of cognitive abilities and neuropsychological variables across the lifespan . Developmental Review , 26 : 31 – 54 . doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2005.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1982 . Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) manual (Revised) , Los Angeles , CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , S. and Ruffman , T. 2004a . Emotion recognition deficits in the elderly . International Journal of Neuroscience , 114 : 403 – 432 . doi: 10.1080/00207450490270901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , S. and Ruffman , T. 2004b . Social understanding: How does it fare with advancing years? . British Journal of Psychology , 95 : 1 – 18 . doi: 10.1348/000712604322779424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , S. , Ruffman , T. and Hutton , S. B. 2007 . Age differences in emotion recognition skills and the visual scanning of emotion faces . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 62B ( 1 ) : P53 – P60 .
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki , A. , Hoshino , T. , Shigemasu , K. and Kawamura , M. 2007 . Decline or improvement? Age-related differences in facial expression recognition . Biological Psychology , 74 : 75 – 84 . doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng , E. L. 1990 . The 3RT Test: Three reaction time tasks for IBM PC computers . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 22 ( 4 ) : 389 – 392 . doi: 10.3758/BF03203180
   Google Scholar
• Turk-Charles , S. , Mather , M. and Carstensen , L. L. 2003 . Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 132 ( 2 ) : 310 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicari , S. , Snitzer Reilly , J. , Pasqualetti , P. , Vizzotto , A. and Caltagirone , C. 2000 . Recognition of facial expressions of emotions in school-age children: The intersection of perceptual and semantic categories . Acta Paediatrica , 89 : 836 – 845 . doi: 10.1080/080352500750043756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1999 . Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , L. M. , Mathersul , D. , Palmer , D. M. , Gur , R. C. , Gur , R. E. and Gordon , E. 2008 . Explicit identification and implicit recognition of facial emotions: I. Age effects in males and females across 10 decades . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 31 ( 3 ) : 257 – 277 . doi: 10.1080/13803390802255635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , T. T. , Menon , V. , Eliez , S. , Blasey , C. , White , C. D. Reid , A. J. 2002 . Amygdalar activation associated with positive and negative facial expressions . Brain Imaging , 13 ( 14 ) : 1737 – 1741 . doi: 10.1097/00001756-200210070-00009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar