Publication Cover
Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
A Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development
Volume 31, 2024 - Issue 1
171
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Are older adults susceptible to visual distraction when targets and distractors are spatially separated?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 38-74 | Received 11 Oct 2021, Accepted 22 Aug 2022, Published online: 04 Sep 2022

References

  • Amer, T., & Hasher, L. (2014). Conceptual processing of distractors by older but not younger adults. Psychological Science, 25(12), 2252–2258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614555725
  • Ballesteros, S., & Mayas, J. (2015). Selective attention affects conceptual object priming and recognition: A study with young and older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01567
  • Ballesteros, S., Reales, J. M., García, E., Carrasco, M. (2006). Selective attention affects implicit and explicit memory for familiar pictures at different delay conditions. Psicothema, 18(1), 88–99. https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/PST/article/view/8401
  • Bastin, C., & Van der Linden, M. (2005). The effects of aging on the recognition of different types of associations. Experimental Aging Research, 32(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610730500326291
  • Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(9), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
  • Biss, R. K., Ngo, K. J., Hasher, L., Campbell, K. L., & Rowe, G. (2013). Distraction can reduce age-related forgetting. Psychological Science, 24(4), 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457386
  • Bürkner, P. (2017). brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using stan. Journal of Statistical Software, 80(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v080.i01
  • Campbell, K. L., Al-Aidroos, N., Pratt, J., & Hasher, L. (2009). Repelling the young and attracting the old: Examining age-related differences in saccade trajectory deviations. Psychology and Aging, 24(1), 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014106
  • Campbell, K., & Hasher, L. (2018). Hyper-binding only apparent under fully implicit test conditions. Psychology and Aging, 33(1), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000216
  • Campbell, K. L., Hasher, L., & Thomas, R. C. (2010). Hyper-binding: A unique age effect. Psychological Science, 21(3), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797609359910
  • Cashdollar, N., Fukuda, K., Bocklage, A., Aurtenetxe, S., Vogel, E. K., & Gazzaley, A. (2013). Prolonged disengagement from attentional capture in normal aging. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029899
  • Chalfonte, B. L., & Johnson, M. K. (1996). Feature memory and binding in young and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 24(4), 403–416. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200930
  • Chan, J. P. K., Kamino, D., Binns, M. A., & Ryan, J. D. (2011). Can changes in eye movement scanning alter the age-related deficit in recognition memory? Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00002
  • Chen, Z. (2009). Not all features are created equal: Processing asymmetries between location and object features. Vision Research, 49(11), 1481–1491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.03.008
  • Collins, M. J., Brown, B., & Bowman, K. J. (1989). Peripheral visual acuity and age. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 9(3), 314–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00914.x
  • Connelly, S. L., & Hasher, L. (1993). Aging and the inhibition of spatial location. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 19(6), 1238–1250. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.19.6.1238
  • Cosman, J. D., & Vecera, S. P. (2010). Attentional capture by motion onsets is modulated by perceptual load. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 72(8), 2096–2105. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196686
  • Crawford, T. J., Smith, E. S., & Berry, D. M. (2017). Eye gaze and aging: Selective and combined effects of working memory and inhibitory control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 563. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00563
  • Dewald, A. D., Sinnett, S., & Doumas, L. A. A. (2011). Conditions of directed attention inhibit recognition performance for explicitly presented target-aligned irrelevant stimuli. Acta Psychologica, 138(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.05.006
  • Dodd, M. D., Weiss, N., McDonnell, G. P., Sarwal, A., & Kingstone, A. (2012). Gaze cues influence memory … but not for long. Acta Psychologica, 141(2), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.06.003
  • Fraundorf, S. H., Hourihan, K. L., Peters, R. A., Aaron S. , B. (2019). Aging and recognition memory: A meta-analysis Psychological Bulletin 145(4), 339–371. doi:10.037/bul0000185.
  • Gazzaley A, Cooney J W, Rissman J and D'Esposito M. (2005). Top-down suppression deficit underlies working memory impairment in normal aging. Nat Neurosci, 8(10), 1298–1300. 10.1038/nn1543
  • Gopie, N., Craik, F. I. M., & Hasher, L. (2011). A double dissociation of implicit and explicit memory in younger and older adults. Psychological Science, 22(5), 634–640. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611403321
  • Greenwood, P. M., & Parasuraman, R. (1994). Attentional disengagement deficit in nondemented elderly over 75 years of age. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 1(3), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825589408256576
  • Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 22, 193–225 doi:10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60041-9.
  • Hasher, L., Zacks, R. T., & May, C. P. (1999). Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age. In D. Gopher & A. Koriat (Eds.), Attention and performance XVII: Cognitive regulation of performance: Interaction of theory and application (pp. 653–675). The MIT Press.
  • Haupt, M., Napiórkowski, N., Sorg, C., Müller, H. J., & Finke, K. (2019). Predictability of salient distractor increases top-down control in healthy younger and older adults. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/617712.
  • Henderson, J. M., Williams, C. C., & Falk, R. J. (2005). Eye movements are functional during face learning. Memory & Cognition, 33(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195300
  • Hicks, J. L., & Starns, J. J. (2015). Using multidimensional encoding and retrieval contexts to enhance our understanding of stochastic dependence in source memory Ross, Brian H. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 62, pp. 101–140). Elsevier.
  • Hoffman, J. E., & Subramaniam, B. (1995). The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perception & Psychophysics, 57(6), 787–795. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206794
  • Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6(2), 65–70 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4615733.
  • James, T., Strunk, J., Arndt, J., & Duarte, A. (2016). Age-related deficits in selective attention during encoding increase demands on episodic reconstruction during context retrieval: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 86, 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.009
  • Jefferies, L. N., Roggeveen, A. B., Enns, J. T., Bennett, P. J., Sekuler, A. B., & Di Lollo, V. (2015). On the time course of attentional focusing in older adults. Psychological Research, 79(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-013-0528-2
  • Kamp, S. M., & Zimmer, H. D. (2015). Contributions of attention and elaboration to associative encoding in young and older adults. Neuropsychologia, 75, 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.026
  • Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Irwin, D. E., & Theeuwes, J. (1999). Attentional capture and aging: Implications for visual search performance and oculomotor control. Psychology and Aging, 14(1), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.1.135
  • Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Irwin, D. E., & Theeuwes, J. (2000). Age differences in the control of looking behavior: Do you know where your eyes have been? Psychological Science, 11(3), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00243
  • Krebs, R. M., Boehler, C. N., De Belder, M., & Egner, T. (2015). Neural conflict-control mechanisms improve memory for target stimuli. Cerebral Cortex, 25(3), 833–843. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht283
  • Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13
  • Lenth, R. (2020). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R Package Version 1.4.5.
  • Loftus, G. R. (1972). Eye fixations and recognition memory for pictures. Cognitive Psychology, 3(4), 525–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(72)90021-7
  • Markant, J., Worden, M. S., & Amso, D. (2015). Not all attention orienting is created equal: Recognition memory is enhanced when attention orienting involves distractor suppression. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 120, 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2015.02.006
  • Meiser, T. (2014). Analyzing stochastic dependence of cognitive processes in multidimensional source recognition. Experimental Psychology, 61(5), 402–415. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000261
  • Minamoto, T., Osaka, M., Engle, R. W., & Osaka, N. (2012). Incidental encoding of goal irrelevant information is associated with insufficient engagement of the dorsal frontal cortex and the inferior parietal cortex. Brain Research, 1429, 82–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.034
  • Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
  • Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2000). Adult age differences in memory performance: Tests of an associative deficit hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1170–1187. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.26.5.1170
  • Nicosia, J., & Balota, D. (2020). The consequences of processing goal-irrelevant information during the Stroop task. Psychology and Aging, 35(5), 663–675. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000371
  • Nieuwenhuis, S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., de Jong, R., Kok, A., & van der Molen, M. W. (2000). Inhibitory inefficiency and failures of intention activation: Age-related decline in the control of saccadic eye movements. Psychology and Aging, 15(4), 635–647. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.4.635
  • Old, S. R., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2008). Differential effects of age on item and associative measures of memory: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.104
  • Olsen, R. K., Sebanayagam, V., Lee, Y., Moscovitch, M., Grady, C. L., Rosenbaum, R. S., & Ryan, J. D. (2016). The relationship between eye movements and subsequent recognition: Evidence from individual differences and amnesia. Cortex, 85, 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.007
  • Ortiz-Tudela, J., Milliken, B., Botta, F., LaPointe, M., & Lupiañez, J. (2017). A cow on the prairie vs. a cow on the street: Long-term consequences of semantic conflict on episodic encoding. Psychological Research, 81(6), 1264–1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-016-0805-y
  • Ortiz-Tudela, J., Milliken, B., Jiménez, L., & Lupiáñez, J. (2018). Attentional influences on memory formation: A tale of a not-so-simple story. Memory & Cognition, 46(4), 544–557. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-017-0784-2
  • Peltsch, A., Hemraj, A., Garcia, A., & Munoz, D. P. (2011). Age-related trends in saccade characteristics among the elderly. Neurobiology of Aging, 32(4), 669–679 doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.001.
  • Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335558008248231
  • Ptok, M. J., Thomson, S. J., Humphreys, K. R., & Watter, S. (2019). Congruency encoding effects on recognition memory: A stage-specific account of desirable difficulty. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 858. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00858
  • Quigley C., Andersen S. K., Schulze L., Grunwald M. and Müller M. M. (2010). Feature-selective attention: Evidence for a decline in old age. Neuroscience Letters, 474(1), 5–8. 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.053
  • R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rey-Mermet, A., & Gade, M. (2018). Inhibition in aging: What is preserved? What declines? A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(5), 1695–1716. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1384-7
  • Rowe, G., Valderrama, S., Hasher, L., & Lenartowicz, A. (2006). Attentional disregulation: A benefit for implicit memory. Psychology and Aging, 21(4), 826–830. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.4.826
  • Ryan, J. D., Leung, G., Turk-Browne, N. B., & Hasher, L. (2007). Assessment of age-related changes in inhibition and binding using eye movement monitoring. Psychology and Aging, 22(2), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.2.239
  • Ryan, J. D., Shen, J., & Reingold, E. M. (2006). Modulation of distraction in ageing. British Journal of Psychology, 97(3), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712605X74837
  • Salvato, G., Patai, E. Z., & Nobre, A. C. (2016). Preserved memory-based orienting of attention with impaired explicit memory in healthy ageing. Cortex, 74, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.019
  • Schmitz, T. W., Cheng, F. H. T., & de Rosa, E. (2010). Failing to ignore: Paradoxical neural effects of perceptual load on early attentional selection in normal aging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(44), 14750–14758. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2687-10.2010
  • Schmitz T. W., Dixon M. L., Anderson A. K. and De Rosa E. (2014). Distinguishing attentional gain and tuning in young and older adults. Neurobiology of Aging, 35(11), 2514–2525. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.028
  • Sekuler, A. B., Bennett, P. J., & Mamelak, M. (2000). Effects of aging on the useful field of view. Experimental Aging Research, 26(2), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/036107300243588
  • Shih, S. I., Meadmore, K. L., Liversedge, S. P., & Paterson, K. (2012). Aging, eye movements, and object-location memory. PLoS One, 7(3), e33485. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033485
  • Stevens, S. A., West, G. L., Al-Aidroos, N., Weger, U. W., & Pratt, J. (2008). Testing whether gaze cues and arrow cues produce reflexive or volitional shifts of attention. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(6), 1148–1153. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.6.1148
  • Talsma D., Kok A. and Ridderinkhof K. R. (2006). Selective attention to spatial and non-spatial visual stimuli is affected differentially by age: Effects on event-related brain potentials and performance data. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62(2), 249–261. 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.04.006
  • Theeuwes, J., Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Irwin, D. E. 1998 Our eyes do not always go where we want them to go: Capture of the eyes by new objects Psychological Science 9(5), 379–385. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00071
  • Thomas, R. C., & Hasher, L. (2012). Reflections of distraction in memory: Transfer of previous distraction improves recall in younger and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024882
  • Tsvetanov, K. A., Mevorach, C., Allen, H., & Humphreys, G. W. (2013). Age-related differences in selection by visual saliency. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 75, 1382–1394. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-013-0499-9
  • Uncapher, M. R., Hutchinson, J. B., & Wagner, A. D. (2011). Dissociable effects of top-down and bottom-up attention during episodic encoding. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(35), 12613–12628. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0152-11.2011
  • Uncapher, M. R., Otten, L. J., & Rugg, M. D. (2006). Episodic encoding is more than the sum of its parts: An fMRI investigation of multifeatural contextual encoding. Neuron, 52(3), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.011
  • Wang, J., Tian, J., Wang, R., Benson, V., & Paterson, K. (2013). Increased attentional focus modulates eye movements in a mixed antisaccade task for younger and older adults. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e61566. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061566
  • Ward, E. V., Berry, C. J., Shanks, D. R., Moller, P. L., & Czsiser, E. (2020). Aging predicts decline in explicit and implicit memory: A life-span study. Psychological Science, 31(9), 1071–1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620927648
  • Weeks, J. C., Biss, R. K., Murphy, K. J., & Hasher, L. (2016). Face–name learning in older adults: A benefit of hyper-binding. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(5), 1559–1565. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1003-z
  • Weeks, J. C., & Hasher, L. (2018). Older adults encode more, not less: Evidence for age-related attentional broadening. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 25(4), 576–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2017.1353678
  • Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
  • Williams, C. C., Henderson, J. M., & Zacks, F. (2005). Incidental visual memory for targets and distractors in visual search. Perception & Psychophysics, 67(5), 816–827. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193535
  • Williams, C. C., Zacks, R. T., & Henderson, J. M. (2009). Age differences in what is viewed and remembered in complex conjunction search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(5), 946–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210802321976
  • Wynn, S. C., Nyhus, E., & Jensen, O. (2022). Alpha modulation in younger and older adults during distracted encoding. European Journal of Neuroscience, 55(11–12), 3451–3464. doi:10.1111/ejn.15086.
  • Zivony, A., Erel, H., & Levy, D. A. (2019). Multifactorial effects of aging on the orienting of visual attention. Experimental Gerontology, 128, 110757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2019.110757

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.