1,720
Views
74
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies: Normative Data for Commonly Used Clinical Neuropsychological Measures

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 162-183 | Published online: 16 Feb 2007

REFERENCES

  • Allen , M. J. & Yen , W. M. . ( 1979 ). Introduction to measurement theory . Belmont , CA : Brooks/Cole .
  • American Heart Association. ( 2001 ). Heart and stroke statistical update 2000 . Dallas : American Heart Association .
  • Artiola i Fortuny , L. & Mullaney , H. A. ( 1998 ). Assessing patients whose language you do not know: Can the absurd be ethical? The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 , 113 – 126 .
  • Benton , A. L. , deS Hamsher , K. , & Sivan , A. B. . ( 1994 ). Manual for the Multilingual Aphasia Examination ( 3rd ed. ) Iowa City : AJA Associates, Inc .
  • Benton , A. L. , Sivan , A. B. , Hamsher , K. deS. , Varney , N. R. , & Spreen , O. . ( 1994 ). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: A clinical manual ( 2nd ed ). New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Brown V. ( 1954 ). Board of Educ., 347 U.S 483 .
  • Callahan , C. M. , Hall , K. S. , Hui , S. L. , Musick , B.S. , Unverzagt , F. W. , & Hendrie , H. C. ( 1996 ). Relationship of age, education, and occupation with dementia among a community-based sample of African Americans . Archives of Neurology , 53 , 134 – 140 . [CSA]
  • Cerhan , J. H. , Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. C. , Petersen , R. C. , & Boeve , B. F. ( 2002 ). Diagnostic utility of letter fluency, category fluency, and fluency difference scores in Alzheimer's disease . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 16 , 35 – 42 . [CSA]
  • Daniel , R. P. . ( 1946 ). Jacksonville looks at its Negro community: Survey of conditions affecting the Negro population in Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida . Jacksonville , FL : Author .
  • Evans , J. D. , Miller , S. W. , Byrd , D. A. , & Heaton , R. K. ( 2000 ). Cross-cultural applications of the Halstead-Reitan batteries . In E. Fletcher-Janzen , T. L. Strickland , & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural neuropsychology (pp. 287 – 303 ). New York : Plenum .
  • Ferman , T. J. , Ivnik , R. J. , & Lucas , J. A. ( 1998 ). Boston Naming Test Discontinuation Rule: “Rigorous” vs. “Lenient” interpretations . Assessment , 5 , 13 – 18 . [CSA]
  • Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. , & McHugh , P. R. ( 1975 ). Mini-Mental state . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 , 189 – 198 .
  • Ford-Booker , P. , Campbell , A. , Combs , S. , Lewis , S. , Ocampo , C. , & et al. ( 1993 ). The predictive accuracy of neuropsychological tests in a normal population of African Americans . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 15 , 64 .
  • Freimuth , V. S. , Quinn , S. C. , Thomas , S. B. , Cole , G. , Zook , E. , & Duncan , T. ( 2001 ). African Americans' views on research and the Tuskeegee Syphilis Study . Social Sciences and Medicine , 52 , 797 – 808 .
  • Friedman , M. A. , Schinka , J. A. , Mortimer , J. A. , & Graves , A. B. ( 2002 ). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised: Norms for elderly African Americans . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 16 ( 3 ), 3 – 356 .
  • Golden , C. J. ( 1978 ). The Stroop Color and Word Test (Manual) Chicago : Stoelting.
  • Harris , M. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , & Smith , G. E. ( 2002 ). Mayo's older Americans normative studies: expanded AVLT recognition trial norms for ages 57 to 98 . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 , 214 – 220 . [CSA]
  • Heaton , R. K. , Grant , I. , & Matthews , C. G. (1991). Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: Demographic corrections, research findings, and clinical applications. Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Heaton , R. K. , Taylor , M. J. , & Manly , J. ( 2003 ). Demographic effects and use of deomgraphically corrected norms with the WAIS-III and WMS-III . In et al. (Eds.), Clinical interpretation of the WAIS-III and WMS-III (pp. 181 – 210 ). San Diego : Elsevier Science .
  • Helms , J. E. ( 1997 ). The triple quandry of race, culture, and social classin standardized cognitive ability testing . In D. P. Flanagan , J. L. Genshaft , & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment (pp. 517 – 532 ). New York : Guilford .
  • Howieson , D. B. , Dame , A. , Camicioli , R. , Sexton , G. , Payami , H. , & Kaye , J. ( 1997 ). Cognitive markers preceding Alzheimer's dementia in the healthy oldest old . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 45 , 584 – 589 . [CSA]
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. G. , & Petersen , R. C. ( 1996 ). Neuropsychological tests' norms above age 55 COWAT, BNT, MAE Token, WRAT-R Reading, AMNART, STROOP, TMT and JLO . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 10 , 262 – 278 .
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. G. , Petersen , R. C. , Kokmen , E. , et al. ( 1992a ). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WAIS-R Norms for ages 56 to 97 . The Clinical Neuropsychologist 6 , (Suppl.), 1 – 30 .
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. G. , Petersen , R. C. , et al. ( 1992b ). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WMS-R Norms for ages 56 to 94 . The Clinical Neuropsychologist 6 , (Suppl.) , 49 – 82 .
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. G. , Petersen , R. C. , Kokmen , E. , et al. ( 1992c ). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Updated AVLT Norms for ages 56 to 97 . The Clinical Neuropsychologist 6 (Suppl.), 83 – 104
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Tangalos , E. R. , Peterson , R. C. , Kokmen , E. , & Kurland , L. T. ( 1990 ). The Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT): Norms for ages 55 years and older . Psychological Assessment , 2 , 304 – 312 .
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Lucas , J. A. , Petersen , R. C. , Boeve , B. F. , et al. ( 1999 ). Testing normal older persons three to four times at 1- to 2-year intervals: Defining normal variance . Neuropsychology , 13 , 121 – 127 . [CSA]
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Lucas , J. A. , Tangalos , E. G. , Petersen , R. C. , & Kokmen , E. ( 1997 ). Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test: MOANS Norms . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 , 676 – 691 . [CSA]
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Malec , J. F. , Petersen , R. C. , Kokmen , E. , & Tangalos , E. G. ( 1994 ). MOANS Cognitive Factor Scales (MCFS): Distinguishing normal and clinical samples by profile variability . Neuropsychology , 8 , 203 – 209 .
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Malec , J. F. , Petersen , R. C. , & Tangalos , E. G. ( 1995 ). Long-term stability and inter-correlations of cognitive abilities in older persons . Psychological Assessment , 7 , 155 – 161 .
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Malec , J. F. , Tangalos , E. G. , & Parisi , J. E. ( 1993 ). Comparison of WAIS-R vs. MAYO summary scores in a clinical sample . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 49 , 534 – 542 .
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Petersen , R. C. , Boeve , B. F. , Kokmen , E. , & Tangalos , E. ( 2001 ). Diagnostic accuracy of four approaches to interpreting neuropsychological test data . Neuropsychology , 14 , 163 – 177 . [CSA]
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. , Tangalos , E. G. , Petersen , R. C. , Kokmen , E. , & Kurland , L. T. ( 1991 ). Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS): I.Q. dependent norms for persons age 65 to 97 . Psychological Assessment , 3 , 156 – 161 .
  • Kalaria , R. N. ( 2000 ). The role of cerebral ischemia in Alzheimer's disease . Neurobiology of Aging , 21 , 321 – 330 . [CSA]
  • Kaplan , E. , Goodglass , H. , & Weintraub , S. . (1983). Boston Naming Test . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger.
  • Lezak , M. D. ( 1995 ). Neuropsychological assessment , 3rd ed. New York : Oxford University Press.
  • Lichtenberg , P. A. , Manning , C. A. , Vangel , C. A. , & Ross , T. P. ( 1995 ). Normative and ecological validity data in older urban medical patients: A program of neuropsychological research . Advances in Medical Psychotherapy , 8 , 121 – 136 . [CSA]
  • Lichtenberg , P. A. , Ross , T. , & Christensen , B. ( 1994 ). Preliminary normative data on the Boston Naming Test for an older urban population . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 8 , 109 – 111 .
  • Lichtenberg , P. A. , Ross , T. , Youngblade , L. , & Vangel , S. J. ( 1998 ). Normative Studies Research Project test battery: Detection of dementia in African American and European American urban elderly patients . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 , 146 – 154 .
  • Lucas , J. , Rippeth , J. , Willis , F. , & Graff-Radford , N. R. ( 2000 ). Effects of demographics, culture, and literacy on DRS performance in older African Americans . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6 , 245 .
  • Lucas , J. A. ( 2003 ). Normative neuropsychology and diagnostic validity in older African Americans . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 17 , 97 .
  • Lucas , J. A. , Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Bohac , D. L. , Tangalos , E. G. , Graff- et al. (1998a) . Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Category fluency norms . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 , 194 – 200 . [CSA]
  • Lucas , J. A. , Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Bohac , D. L. , Tangalos , E. G. , Graff- et al. ( 1998b ). Normative data for the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 , 536 – 547 . [CSA]
  • Malec , J. F. , Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. G. , Petersen , R. C. , et al. ( 1992a ). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Utility of corrections for age and education for the WAIS-R . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 6 (Suppl.), 31 – 47 .
  • Malec , J. F. , Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. G. , Petersen , R. C. , et al. ( 1992b ). Visual Spatial Learning Test (VSLT): Normative data and further validation . Psychological Assessment , 4 , 433 – 441 .
  • Malec , J. F. , Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Petersen , R. C. , & Tangalos , E. G. ( 1996 ). Clusters of “impaired” normal elderly do not decline cognitively in 3–5 years . Neuropsychology , 10 , 66 – 73 .
  • Manly , J. J. & Jacobs , D. M. ( 2002 ). Future directions in neuropsychological assessment with African Americans . In F. R. Ferraro (Ed.) Minority and cross-cultural aspects of neuropsychological assessment (pp. 79 – 96 ). Lisse : Swets & Zeitlinger.
  • Manly , J. J. , Jacobs , D. M. , Sano , M. , Bell , K. , Merchant , C. A. , et al. ( 1998a ). African American acculturation and neuropsychological test performance among nondemented community elders . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 , 77 .
  • Manly , J. J. , Jacobs , D. M. , Sano , M. , Bell , K. , Merchant , C. A. , et al. ( 1998b ). Cognitive test performances among nondemented elderly African Americans and Whites . Neurology , 50 , 1238 – 1245 . [CSA]
  • Manly , J. J. , Jacobs , D. M. , Sano , M. , Small , S. A. , Merchant , C. , & Stern , Y. ( 1999 ). Are ethnic group differences in neuropsychological test performances explained by reading level? A preliminary analysis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 6 , 245 .
  • Manly , J. J. , Jacobs , D. M. , Touradji , P. , Small , S. A. , Merchant , C. , et al. (2000). Quality of education and neuropsychological test performance among non-demented community-dwelling elders. Neurology , 52, A433.
  • Manly , J. J. , Miller , S. W. , Heaton , R. K. , Byrd , D. , Reilly , J. , et al. ( 1998c ). The effect of African American acculturation on neuropsychological test performance in normal and HIV positive individuals . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 , 291 – 302 . [CSA]
  • Mansfield , C. J. , Wilson , J. L. , Krobrinski , E. J. , & Mitchell , J. ( 1999 ). Premature mortality in the United States: The roles of geographic area, socioeconomic status, household type, and availability of medical care . American Journal of Public Health , 89 , 893 – 898 . [CSA]
  • Marcopulos , B. & McClain , C. A. ( 2003 ). Are our norms “normal”? A four-year follow-up study of a biracial sample of rural elders with low education . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 17 , 19 – 33 . [CSA]
  • Marcopulos , B. , McLain , C. A. , & Giuliano , A. J. ( 1997 ). Cognitive impairment or inadequate norms? A study of healthy, rural older adults with limited education . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 11 , 111 – 131 .
  • Mattis , S. . ( 1988 ). Dementia Rating Scale . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
  • Miles , G. T. ( 2002 ). Neuropsychological assessment of African Americans . In F. R. Ferraro (Ed.), Minority and cross-cultural aspects of neuropsychological assessment (pp. 63 – 78 ). Lisse : Swets & Zeitlinger .
  • Nabors , N. A. , Evans , J. D. , & Strickland , T. L. ( 2000 ). Neuropsychological assessment and intervention with African Americans . In E. Fletcher - Janzen , T. L. Strickland , & C. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural neuropsychology (pp. 31 – 42 ). New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum .
  • Petersen , R. C. ( 2003 ). Mild cognitive impairment: From aging to Alzheimer's disease . New York : Oxford University Press. .
  • Petersen , R. C. , Stevens , J. C. , Ganguli , M. , Tangalos , E. G. , Cummings , J. L. , & DeKosky , S. T. ( 2001 ). Practice parameter: Early detection of dementia: Mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review) . Neurology , 56 , 1133 – 1142 . [CSA]
  • Reitan , R. & Wolfson , D. . ( 1985 ). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery . Tucson : Neuropsychology Press .
  • Rey , A. . ( 1964 ). L'examen clinique en psychologie . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France .
  • Rocca , W. A. , Cha , R. H. , Waring , S. C. , & Kokmen , E. ( 1998 ). Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A reanalysis of data from Rochester, Minnesota, 1975–1994 . American Journal of Epidemiology , 148 , 51 – 62 . [CSA]
  • Ross , T. P. & Lichtenberg , P. A. ( 1998 ). Expanded normative data for the Boston Naming Test for use with urban, elderly medical patients . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 , 475 – 481 .
  • Salo , A. Y. , Verkkoniemi , A. , Polvikoski , T. , Juva , K. , Rastas , S. , et al. ( 2001 ). Does apolipoprotein E influence learning and memory in the nondemented oldest old? International Psychogeriatrics , 13 , 451 – 459 . [CSA]
  • Scott , J. I. E. . ( 1974 ). The education of Black people in Florida . Philadelphia : Dorrance & Co .
  • Sheikh , J. I. & Yesavage , J. A. ( 1986 ). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version . In T. L. Brink (Ed.), Clinical gerontology: A guide to assessment and intervention (pp. 165 – 73 ). New York : Haworth Press .
  • Skoog , I. , Nilsson , L. , Palmertz , B. , Andreasson , L. A. , & Svanborg , A. ( 1993 ). A population-based study of dementia in 85-year-olds . New England Journal of Medicine , 328 , 153 – 158 .
  • Sliwinski , M. , Lipton , R. B. , Buschke , H. , & Stewart , W. ( 1996 ). The effects of preclinical dementia on estimates of normal cognitive functioning in aging . Journal of Gerontology , 51B , P217 – P225 .
  • Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , & Bohac , D. L. ( 1998 ). Using word recognition tests to estimate premorbid IQ in early dementia: Longitudinal data . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 3 , 528 – 533 . [CSA]
  • Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Kokmen , E. , Tangalos , E. G. , et al. ( 1994a ). Psychometric properties of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale . Assessment , 1 , 123 – 131 .
  • Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Petersen , R. C. , Kokmen , E. , Tangalos , E. G. , et al. (1992a). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS): Factor structure of a core battery. Psychological Assessment , 4, 382–390.
  • Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Petersen , R. C. , Kokmen , E. , & Tangalos , E. G. ( 1994b ). The Mayo Cognitive Factor Scales (MCFS): Derivation of a short battery and norms for factor scores . Neuropsychology , 8 , 194 – 202 .
  • Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Petersen , R. C. , & Tangalos , E. G. ( 1993 ). Factor structure of the Mayo Older Americans Normative Sample (MOANS) core battery: Replication in a clinical sample . Psychological Assessment , 5 , 121 – 124 .
  • Smith , G. E. , Malec , J. F. , & Ivnik , R. J. ( 1992b ). Validity of the construct of nonverbal memory: A factor analytic study in a normal elderly sample . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 14 , 211 – 221 .
  • Smith , G. E. , Wong , J. S. , Ivnik , R. J. , & Malec , J. F. ( 1997 ). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Separate norms for the WMS-R Logical Memory Stories . Assessment , 4 , 79 – 86 .
  • Spreen , O. & Strauss , E. . ( 1998 ). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, Norms, and commentary ( 2nd ed. ). New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Stern , Y. , Andrews , H. , Pittman , J. , Sano , M. , Tatemichi , T. , et al. ( 1992 ). Diagnosis of dementia in a heterogeneous population. Development of a neuropsychological paradigm-based diagnosis of dementia and quantified correction for the effects of education . Archives of Neurology , 49 , 453 – 460 .
  • Sundquist , J. , Winkleby , M. A. , & Pudaric , S. ( 2001 ). Cardiovascular disease risk factors among older Black, Mexican-American, and White women and men: An analysis of NHANES III, 1988–1994 . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 49 , 109 – 116 . [CSA]
  • Teachers College of Columbia University . ( 1927 ). Report of the survey of schools of Duval County, Florida . New York : Author .
  • Tulsky , D. , Zhu , J. , & Ledbetter , M. F. ( 1997 ). WAIS-III—WMS-III technical manual. Orlando : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Unverzagt , F. W. , Hall , K. S. , Torke , A. M. , Rediger , J. D. , Mercado , N. , et al. ( 1996 ). Effects of age, education and gender on CERAD neuropsychological test performance in an African American sample . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 10 , 180 – 190 .
  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( 2002 ). Occupational classification system manual . Available at: http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/ocsm/commain.htm .
  • U.S. Census Bureau ( 2000a ). Census 2000 data releases . Available at http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.
  • U.S. Census Bureau Population Projections Program, Population Division. ( 2000b ). Projections of the total resident population by 5-year age groups, race, and Hispanic origin with special age . Available at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/natsum-T3.html.
  • Von Strauss , E. , Fratiglioni , L. , Viitanen , M. , Forsell , Y. , & Winblad , B. ( 2000 ). Morbidity and comorbidity in relation to functional status: A community-based study of the oldest old (90+ years) . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 48 , 1462 – 1469 . [CSA]
  • Walch , B. H. . ( 1990 ). New Black voices: The growth and contributions of Sallye Mathis and Mary Singleton in Florida government . Jacksonville , FL : Author .
  • Wechsler , D. . ( 1981 ). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Wechsler , D. . ( 1987 ). Manual for the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Wechsler , D. . ( 1997 ). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition administration and scoring manual . Orlando : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Wechsler , D. . (1997). Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd Edition administration and scoring manual . Orlando : The Psychological Corporation.
  • Weintraub , S. ( 1986 ). The record of independent living: An informant-completed measure of activities of daily living and behavior in elderly patients with cognitive impairment . American Journal of Alzheimer Care and Related Disorders , 7 , 35 – 39 . [CSA]
  • Welsh , K. A. , Fillenbaum , G. , Wilkinson , W. , Heyman , A. , Mohs , R. C. , et al. ( 1995 ). Neuropsychological test performance in African American and White patients with Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 45 , 2207 – 2211 . [CSA]
  • Wilkinson , G. S. . ( 1993 ). Wide Range Achievement Test ( 3rd ed. ) Wilmington , DE : Wide Range .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.