Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies: WMS-R Norms for African American Elders

REFERENCES

• Benedict , R. H. B. , Schretlen , D. , Goninger , L. , & Brandt , J. ( 1998 ). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test-retest reliability . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 , 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butters , N. , Salmon , D. P. , Cullum , C. M. , Cairns , P. , Troster , A. I. , et al. ( 1988 ). Differentiation of amnesic and demented patients with the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised . The Clincal Neuropsychologist , 2 , 133 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Cullum , C. M. , Butters , N. , Troster , A. I. , & Salmon , D. P. ( 1990 ). Normal aging and forgetting rates on the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 5 , 23 – 30 . [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D'Elia , L. F. , Satz , P. , & Schretlen , D. ( 1989 ). The Wechsler Memory Scale: A critical appraisal of the normative studies . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 4 , 551 – 568 .
   Google Scholar
• Delis , D. , Kaplan , E. , Kramer , J. , & Ober , B. ( 2000 ). California Verbal Learning Test—II . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Delis , D. C. & Lucas , J. A. ( 1996 ). Memory . In B. S. Fogel , R. B. Schiffer , & S. R. Rao (Eds.), Neuropsychiatry (pp. 365 – 399 ). Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Dulay , M. F. , Schefft , B. K. , Testa , S. M. , Fargo , J. D. , Privitera , M. , & Yeh , H. (2002). What does the Family Pictures subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale—III measure? Insight gained from patients evaluated for epilepsy surgery. The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 16, 452–462. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Taylor , M. J. , & Manly , J. ( 2003 ). Demographic effects and use of deomgraphically corrected norms with the WAIS-III and WMS-III . In et al. (Eds.), Clinical interpretation of the WAIS-III and WMS-III (pp. 181 – 210 ). San Diego : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Helms , J. E. ( 1992 ). Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing? American Psychologist , 47 ( 9 ), 9 – 1083 .
   Google Scholar
• Helms , J. E. ( 1997 ). The triple quandry of race, culture, and social class in standardized cognitive ability testing . In D. P. Flanagan , J. L. Genshaft , & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment (pp. 517 – 532 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. G. , & Petersen , R. C. ( 1996 ). Neuropsychological tests' norms above age 55 COWAT, BNT, MAE Token, WRAT-R Reading, AMNART, STROOP, TMT and JLO . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 10 , 262 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. G. , Petersen , R. C. , et al. ( 1992a ). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WAIS-R Norms for Ages 56 to 97 . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 6 ( Suppl. ), 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. , Smith , G. E. , Tangalos , E. G. , Petersen , R. C. , et al. ( 1992b ). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WMS-R norms for ages 56 to 94 . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 6 ( Suppl. ), 49 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , B. ( 2003 ). About the power for detecting severe impairment in older adults with the Faces test from Wechsler Memory Scale—III: Simply guess and save face . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 25 , 376 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Jack , O. O. , Campbell , A. L. , Ridley , S. , & Ocampo , C. ( 1997 ). Unilateral brain lesions and performance on Russell's version of the Wechsler Memory Scale in an African American population . International Journal of Neuroscience , 91 , 229 – 240 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenberg , P. A. & Christiensen , B. ( 1992 ). Extended normative data for the Logical Memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised: Responses from a sample of cognitively intact elderly medical patients . Psychological Reports , 71 , 745 – 746 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loring , D. W. ( 1989 ). The Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised, or the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revisited . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 3 , 59 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , J. A. ( 2002 ). Memory overview . In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Human Brain (pp. 817 – 833 ). San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , J. A. ( 2003 ). Normative neuropsychology and diagnostic validity in older African Americans . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 17 , 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , J. A. , Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Willis , F. B. , Ferman , T. J. , et al. ( 2005 (a)). Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies: Normative data for commonly used clinical neuropsychological measures . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 19 ( 2 ), 162 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , J. A. , Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Willis , F. B. , Ferman , T. J. , et al. ( 2005 (b)). Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies: WAIS-R norms for African American elders . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 19 ( 2 ), 184 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millis , S. R. , Malina , A. C. , Bowers , D. A. , & Ricker , J. H. ( 1999 ). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Wechsler Memory Scale—III . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 1 ), 1 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Moss , M. B. , Alber , M. S. , Butters , N. , & Payne , M. ( 1986 ). Differential patterns of memory loss among patients with Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome . Archives of Neurology , 43 , 239 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquier , F. , Grymonprez , L. , Lebert , F. , & Van der Linden , M. ( 2001 ). Memory impairment differs in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease . Neurocase , 7 , 161 – 171 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Kokmen , E. , & Tangalos , E. G. (1994). Memory function in very early Alzheimer's disease. Neurology , 44, 867–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Smith , G. E. , Kokmen , E. , Ivnik , R. J. , & Tangalos , E. G. ( 1992 ). Memory function in normal aging . Neurology , 42 , 396 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Smith , G. E. , Waring , S. C. , Ivnik , R. J. , Tangalos , E. G. , & Kokmen , E. ( 1999 ). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinica characterization and outcome . Archives of Neurology , 56 , 303 – 308 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Stevens , J. C. , Ganguli , M. , Tangalos , E. G. , Cummings , J. L. , DeKosky , S. T. ( 2001 ). Practice parameter: Early detection of dementia: Mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review) . Neurology , 56 , 1133 – 1142 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigatano , G. ( 1978 ). Wechsler Memory Scale: A selective review of the literature . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 34 , 816 – 832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey , A. ( 1964 ). L'examen clinique en psychologie . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , E. ( 1975 ). A multiple scoring method for the assessment of complex memory functions . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 43 , 800 – 809 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , & Lucas , J. A. ( in press ). Assessment techniques: Tests, test batteries, norms, and methodological approaches . In J. Morgan & J. Ricker (Eds.), Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Petersen , R. C. , Malec , J. F. , Kokmen , E. , & Tangalos , E. ( 1991 ). Age-associated memory impairment diagnosis: Problems of reliability and concerns for terminology . Psychology and Aging , 6 , 551 – 558 . [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G. E. , Petersen , R. C. , Parisi , J. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Kokmen , E. , et al. ( 1996 ). Definition, course, and outcome of mild cognitive impairment . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 3 , 141 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAIS-III, WMS-III, WIAT-II Scoring Assistant [Computer software] . ( 2001 ). San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1945 ). A standardized memory scale for clinical use . Journal of Psychology , 19 , 87 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1987 ). Manual for the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1997 ). Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd edition administration and scoring manual . Orlando : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar