Normative Adjustments to the D-KEFS Trail Making Test: Corrections for Education and Vocabulary Level

References

• Arbuthnott , K and Frank , J . 2000 . Trail Making Test, part B as a measure of executive control: Validation using a set-switching paradigm . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 518 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardila , A , Pineda , D and Rosselli , M . 2000 . Correlation between intelligence test scores and executive function measures . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 15 ( 1 ) : 31 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage , SG . (1946). An analysis of certain psychological tests used for the evaluation of brain damage. Psychological Monographs, 60(1), Whole No. 277
   Google Scholar
• Army Individual Test Battery . 1944 . Manual of directions and scoring , Washington, DC : War Department, Adjutant General's Office .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , RR and Partington , JE . 1942 . The intelligence of the narcotic drug addict . Journal of General Psychology , 26 : 175 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Cato , MA , Delis , DC , Abildskov , TJ and Bigler , E . 2004 . Assessing the elusive cognitive deficits associated with ventromedial prefrontal damage: A case of a modern-day Phineas Gage . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 10 ( 3 ) : 453 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , H . & Zhu, J. (2011). Utility of inferential norming with smaller sample sizes. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0734282910396323
   Google Scholar
• Damasio , AR . 1995 . On some functions of the human prefrontal cortex , New York : New York Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Delis , DC . 2009 . “ Neuropsychological testing ” . In Encyclopedia of neuroscience , Edited by: Squire , LR . Vol. 6 , 983 – 991 . Oxford, , UK : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Delis , DC , Kaplan , E and Kramer , JH . 2001a . Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: Examiner's manual , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Delis , DC , Kaplan , E and Kramer , JH . 2001b . Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: Technical manual , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Demakis , GJ . 2004 . Frontal lobe damage and tests of executive processing: A meta-analysis of the Category Test, Stroop Test, and Trail Making Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 26 : 441 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovagnoli , AR , Del Pesce , M , Mascheroni , S , Simoncelli , M , Laiacona , M and Capitani , E . 1996 . Trail making test: Normative values from 287 normal adult controls . Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 17 : 305 – 309 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorsuch , RL . (2003). Update on continuous norming. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , RK , Ryan , L and Grant , I . 2009 . “ Demographic influences and use of demographically corrected norms in neuropsychological assessment ” . In Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric and neuromedical disorders, , 3rd , Edited by: Grant , I and Adams , KM . 127 – 155 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , RK , Taylor , MJ and Manly , J . 2003 . “ Demographic effects and the use of demographically corrected norms with the WAIS–III and WMS–III ” . In Clinical interpretation of the WAIS–III and WMS–III , Edited by: Tulsky , DS , Saklofske , DH , Chelune , GJ , Heaton , RK , Ivnik , RJ Bornstein , R . 181 – 210 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• R. L. Hester, Kinsella, G. J., Ong, B., & McGregor, L. (2005). Demographic influences on baseline and derived scores from the Trail Making Test in healthy older Australian adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19(1), 45–54
   Google Scholar
• Jefferson , AL , Poppas , A , Paul , RH and Cohen , RA . 2007 . Systemic hypoperfusion is associated with executive dysfunction in geriatric cardiac patients . Neurobiology of Aging , 28 : 477 – 483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone , B , Leach , LR , Hickey , ML , Frank , RG and Rupright , J . 1995 . Some objective measurements of frontal lobe deficits following traumatic brain injury . Applied Neuropsychology , 2 : 24 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleinhans , N , Akshoomoff , N and Delis , DC . 2005 . Executive functions in autism and Asperger's disorder: flexibility, fluency, and inhibition . Developmental Neuropsychology , 27 ( 3 ) : 379 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortte , KB , Horner , MD and Windham , WK . 2002 . The trail making test part B: cognitive flexibility or ability to maintain set? . Applied Neuropsychology , 9 ( 2 ) : 106 – 109 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lange , RT , Iverson , GL , Zakrzewski , MJ , Ethel-King , PE and Franzen , MD . 2005 . Interpreting the Trail Making Test following traumatic brain injury: Comparison of traditional time scores and derived indices . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 : 897 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , MD . 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment, , 3rd , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mattson , SN , Goodman , AM , Caine , C , Delis , DC and Riley , EP . 1999 . Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 23 ( 11 ) : 1808 – 1815 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , CR , Delis , DC , Norman , MA , Tecoma , ES and Iragui-Madozi , VJ . 2005 . Is impairment in set-shifting specific to frontal-lobe dysfunction? Evidence from patients with frontal-lobe or temporal-lobe epilepsy . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 ( 4 ) : 477 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitrushina , MN , Boone , KL and D’Elia , L . 1999 . Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Partington , JE and Leiter , RG . 1949 . Partington's Pathway Test . The Psychological Service Center Bulletin , 1 : 9 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , RM . 1955 . The relation of the Trail Making Test to organic brain damage . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 19 : 393 – 394 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reitan , RM and Wolfson , D . 1993 . Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery , Tuscon, AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roid , GH . (2003). Continuous norming of tests and research scales: Twenty year update. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , BA , Bieliauskas , LA , Smith , GE and Ivnik , RJ . 2005 . Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Age- and IQ-adjusted norms for the Trail-Making Test, the Stroop Test, and MAE Controlled Oral Word Association Test . Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 : 329 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss , E , Sherman , EMS and Spreen , O . 2006 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests, , 3rd , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , DT , Bisschop , SM , Alexander , MP , Levine , B , Katz , D and Izukawa , D . 2001 . The Trail Making Test: A study in focal lesion patients . Psychological Assessment , 13 ( 2 ) : 230 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , MJ and Heaton , RK . 2001 . Sensitivity and specificity of the WAIS–III/WMS–III demographically corrected factor scores in neuropsychological assessment . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 7 : 867 – 874 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh , TN . 2004 . Trail Making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 : 203 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranel , D . 2002 . “ Emotion, decision making, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex ” . In Principles of frontal lobe function , Edited by: Stuss , DT and Knight , RT . 338 – 352 . London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D . 1999 . Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence , San Antonio, TX : Pearson .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D . 2008 . Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale–IV Edition , San Antonio, TX : Pearson .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins , C . Rolfhus, E., Weiss, L., & Zhu, J. (2005). A simulation study comparing inferential and traditional norming with small sample sizes. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada
   Google Scholar
• Yochim , B , Baldo , J , Nelson , A and Delis , DC . 2007 . D-KEFS Trail Making Test performance in patients with lateral prefrontal cortex lesions . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 13 : 704 – 709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakzanis , KK , Mraz , R and Graham , SJ . 2005 . An fMRI study of the Trail Making Test . Neuropsychologia , 43 ( 13 ) : 1878 – 1886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalonis , I , Kararizou , E , Triantafyllou , NI , Kapaki , E , Papageorgiou , S Sgouropoulos , P . 2008 . A normative study of the trail making test A and B in Greek adults . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 22 ( 5 ) : 842 – 850 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar