367
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Issues

Are Verbal Intelligence Subtests and Reading Measures Immune to Non-Credible Effort?

, , &
Pages 756-770 | Received 19 Jan 2014, Accepted 29 Apr 2014, Published online: 27 May 2014

References

  • Allen, L. M., Conder, R. L., Green, P., & Cox, D. R. (1997). CARB’ 97 Manual for the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias (CARB). CogniSyst Inc., Durham, NC.
  • Academy American of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) Board of Directors. (2007). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) practice guidelines for neuropsychological assessment and consultation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 209–231.
  • Ardolf, B. R., Denney, R. L., & Houston, C. M. (2007). Base rates of negative response bias and malingered neurocognitive dysfunction among criminal defendants referred for neuropsychological evaluation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 899–916.
  • Armistead-Jehle, P. (2010). Symptom validity test performance in U.S. veterans referred for evaluation of mild TBI. Applied Neuropsychology, 17, 52–59.
  • Axelrod, B. N., Fichtenberg, N. L., Millis, S. R., & Wertheimer, J. C. (2006). Detecting incomplete effort with digit span from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-third edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 513–523.
  • Axelrod, B. N., & Schutte, C. (2010). Analysis of the dementia profile on the Medical Symptom Validity Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 873–881.
  • Babikian, T., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Arnold, G. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of various Digit Span scores in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 145–159.
  • Bauer, L., Yantz, C., Ryan, L. M., Warden, D., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2005). An examination of the California Verbal Learning Test II to detect incomplete effort in a traumatic brain-injury sample. Applied Neuropsychology, 12, 202–207.
  • Bianchini, K. J., Mathias, C. W., & Greve, K. W. (2001). Symptom validity testing: A critical review. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 19–45.
  • Boone, K. B. (Ed.) (2007). Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Chafetz, M. (2008). Malingering on the social security disability consultative exam: Predictors and base rates. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 529–546.
  • Chafetz, M. D., Abrahams, J. P., & Kohlmaier, J. (2007). Malingering on the Social Security Disability consultative exam: A new rating scale. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 1–14.
  • Constantinou, M., Bauer, L., Ashendorf, L., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2005). Is poor performance on recognition memory effort measures indicative of generalized poor performance on neuropsychological tests? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 191–198. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.06.002
  • Davis, J. J., McHugh, T. S., Axelrod, B. N., & Hanks, R. A. (2012). Performance validity and neuropsychological outcomes in litigants and disability claimants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26, 850–865. doi:10.1080/13854046.2012.686631
  • Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (2000). The California Verbal Learning Test (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Delis, D. C., & Wetter, S. R. (2007). Cogniform disorder and cogniform condition: Proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 589–604.
  • Franzen, M., Burgess, E., & Smith-Seemiller, L. (1997). Methods of estimating premorbid functioning. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 711–738.
  • Frederick, R. I., & Bowden, S. C. (2009). Evaluating constructs represented by symptom validity tests in forensic neuropsychological assessment of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 24, 105–122.
  • Green, P. (2003). Word Memory Test for Windows: User’s manual and program - revised. Edmonton, Canada: Green’s Publishing.
  • Green, P. (2007). The pervasive influence of effort on neuropsychological tests. Physical Medicine Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 18, 43–68. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2006.11.002
  • Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Mathias, C. W., Houston, R. J., & Crouch, J. A. (2003). Detecting malingered performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Validation of Mittenberg’s approach in traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 245–260.
  • Greve, K. W., Etherton, J. L., Ord, J., Bianchini, K. J., & Curtis, K. L. (2009). Detecting malingered pain-related disability: Classification accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1250–1271.
  • Greve, K. W., Lotz, K. L., & Bianchini, K. J. (2008). Observed versus estimated IQ as an index of malingering in traumatic brain injury: Classification accuracy in known groups. Applied Neuropsychology, 15, 161–169.
  • Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Conference Participants (2009). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1093–1129.
  • Iverson, G. L., & Tulsky, D. S. (2003). Detecting malingering on the WAIS-III: Unusual Digit Span performance patterns in the normal population and in clinical groups. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 1–9. doi:10.1093/arclin/18.1.1
  • Karzmark, P., Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1985). Use of demographic variables to predict full scale IQ: A replication and extension. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 412–420.
  • Larrabee, G. J. (1990). Cautions in the use of neuropsychological evaluation in legal settings. Neuropsychology, 4, 239–247.
  • Larrabee, G. J. (2007). Identification of malingering by pattern analysis on neuropsychological tests. In G. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 80–100). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Larrabee, G. J., Largen, J. W., & Levin, H. S. (1985). Sensitivity of age-decline resistant (“hold”) WAIS subtests to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 497–504.
  • Lezak, M. D. (1983). Neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Lu, P. H., Rogers, S. A., & Boone, K. B. (2007). Use of standard memory tests to detect suspect effort. In K. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment (pp. 128–151). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Meyers, J., & Volbrecht, M. (1998). Validation of Reliable Digits for detection of malingering. Assessment, 5, 303–307.
  • Millis, S. R., Ross, S. R., & Ricker, J. H. (1998). Detection of incomplete effort on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. A cross validation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 167–173.
  • Mittenberg, W., Azrin, R., Millsaps, C., & Heilbronner, R. (1993). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Psychological Assessment, 5, 34–40.
  • Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094–1102.
  • Mittenberg, W., Theroux, S., Aguila-Puentes, G., Bianchini, K., Greve, K., & Rayls, K. (2001). Base rates of malingering symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094–1102.
  • Mittenberg, W., Theroux-Fichera, S., Zielinski, R. E., & Heilbronner, R. L. (1995). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 491–498. doi:10.1037//0735-7028.26.5.491
  • O’Rourke, J. J. F., Adams, W. H., Duff, K., Byars, J., Nopoulos, P., Paulsen, J. S., & Beglinger, L. J. (2011). Estimating premorbid functioning in Huntington’s disease: The relationship between disease progression and the Wide Range Achievement Test reading subtest. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 59–66.
  • Sharland, M. J., & Gfeller, J. D. (2007). A survey of neuropsychologists’ beliefs and practices with respect to the assessment of effort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 213–223.
  • Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545–561.
  • Slick, D., Tan, J., Strauss, E., & Hultsch, D. (2004). Detecting malingering: A survey of experts’ practices. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 465–473.
  • Spencer, R. J., Tree, H. A., Drag, L. L., Pangilinan, P., & Bieliauskas, L. A. (2010). Extending reliable digit span with the WAIS-IV sequencing task: Preliminary results. Poster presented at the 8th annual meeting for the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Conference, Chicago, IL.
  • Stebbins, G. T., Gilley, D. W., Wilson, R. S., Bernard, B. A., & Fox, J. H. (1990). Effects of language disturbances on premorbid estimates of IQ in mild dementia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 4, 64–68.
  • Sweet, J. J., King, J. H., Malina, A. C., Bergman, M. A., & Simmons, A. (2002). Documenting the prominence of forensic neuropsychology at national meetings and in relevant professional journals from 1990 to 2000. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 481–494.
  • Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). The Test of Memory Malingering. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
  • Trueblood, W. (1994). Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of malingered and other invalid WAIS-R and clinical memory data. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 597–607.
  • Trueblood, W., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Malingering and other validity considerations in the neuropsychological evaluation of mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 578–590.
  • Victor, T., Boone, K., Serpa, J., Buehler, J., & Ziegler, E. (2009). Interpreting the meaning of multiple symptom validity test failure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 297–313.
  • Webb, J., Batchelor, J., Meares, S., Taylor, A., & Marsh, N. (2012). Effort test failure: Toward a predictive model. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26, 1377–1396.
  • Wechsler, D. (1958). The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
  • Wechsler, D. (1981). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third edition: Administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (2008a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition: Administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.
  • Wechsler, D. (2008b). Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth edition: Administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.
  • Whitney, K. A., Shepard, P. H., Mariner, J., Mossbarger, B., & Herman, S. M. (2010). Validity of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR): Effort considered in a clinical sample of U.S. veterans. Applied Neuropsychology, 17, 196–204.
  • Wilkinson, G. S., & Robertson, G. J. (2006). Wide Range Achievement Test-Fourth edition. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Williams, J. M. (2011). The malingering factor. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 280–285. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr009
  • Young, J. C., Caron, J. E., Baughman, B. C., & Sawyer, R. J. (2012). Detection of suboptimal effort with Symbol Span: Development of a new embedded index. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(2), 159–164.
  • Young, J. C., Roper, B. L., & Sawyer, R. J. (2011). Symptom validity test use and estimated base rates of failure in the VA Healthcare System. Poster presented at the 9th annual meeting for the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Washington, DC.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.