173
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Issues

Executive Dyscontrol of Learning and Memory: Findings from a Clade C HIV-positive South African Sample

, , &
Pages 956-984 | Received 03 Jun 2014, Accepted 10 Oct 2015, Published online: 09 Nov 2015

References

  • Andreano, J. M., & Cahill, L. (2009). Sex influences on the neurobiology of learning and memory. Learning and Memory, 16, 248–266.10.1101/lm.918309
  • Becker, J. T., Kingsley, L., Mullen, J., Cohen, B., Martin, E., Miller, E. N., … Visscher, B. R. (2009). Vascular risk factors, HIV serostatus, and cognitive dysfunction in gay and bisexual men. Neurology, 73, 1292–1299.10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181bd10e7
  • Benedict, R. (1997). Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Bengtsson, S. L., Lau, H. C., & Passingham, R. E. (2009). Motivation to do well enhances responses to errors and self-monitoring. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 797–804.10.1093/cercor/bhn127
  • Benton, A. L., Hamsher, K. D., & Sivan, A. B. (1994). Multilingual aphasia examination (third edition): Manual of instructions. Iowa City, IA: AJA Associates.
  • Berg, E. A. (1948). A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking. The Journal of General Psychology, 39, 15–22.10.1080/00221309.1948.9918159
  • Blumenau, J., & Broom, Y. (2011). Performance of South African adolescents on two versions of the rey auditory verbal learning test. South African Journal of Psychology, 41, 228–238.10.1177/008124631104100211
  • Brandt, J., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2001). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised. Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Carey, C. L., Woods, S. P., Gonzalez, R., Conover, E., Marcotte, T. D., Grant, I., … The HNRC Group. (2004). Predictive validity of global deficit scores in detecting neuropsychological impairment in HIV infection. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 307–319.10.1080/13803390490510031
  • Carr, M. F., Jadhav, S. P., & Frank, L. M. (2011). Hippocampal replay in the awake state: A potential substrate for memory consolidation and retrieval. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 147–153.10.1038/nn.2732
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). MMWR analysis provides new details on HIV incidence in U.S. populations. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/pdf/mmrw-incidence.pdf
  • Chang, L., Speck, O., Miller, E. N., Braun, J., Jovicich, J., Koch, C., … Ernst, T. (2001). Neural correlates of attention and working memory deficits in HIV patients. Neurology, 57, 1001–1007.10.1212/WNL.57.6.1001
  • Cherner, M., Cysique, L., Heaton, R. K., Marcotte, T. D., Ellis, R. J., Masliah, E., … The HNRC Group. (2007). Neuropathologic confirmation of definitional criteria for human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders. Journal of Neurovirology, 13, 23–28.10.1080/13550280601089175
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analyses for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Constantino, A. A., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., Wood, C., & Zheng, J. C. (2011). HIV-1 clade B and C isolates exhibit differential replication: Relevance to macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity Research, 20, 277–288.10.1007/s12640-011-9241-3
  • Cysique, L. A., Jin, H., Franklin, D. R., Jr., Morgan, E. E., Shi, C., Yu, X., … The HNRC Group. (2007). Neurobehavioral effects of HIV-1 infection in China and the United States: A pilot study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 781–790.
  • Cysique, L. A., Maruff, P., Bain, M. P., Wright, E., & Brew, B. J. (2011). HIV and age do not substantially interact in HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 23, 83–89.10.1176/appi.neuropsych.23.1.83
  • Cysique, L. A., Maruff, P., & Brew, B. J. (2006). The neuropsychological profile of symptomatic AIDS and ADC patients in the pre-HAART era: A meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 368–382.
  • de Almeida, S. M., Ribeiro, C. E., de Pereira, A. P., Badiee, J., Cherner, M., Smith, D., … Ellis, R. J. (2013). Neurocognitive impairment in HIV-1 clade C-versus B-infected individuals in Southern Brazil. Journal of NeuroVirology, 19, 550–556.10.1007/s13365-013-0215-5
  • D’Elia, L. F., Satz, P., Uchiyama, C. L., & White, T. (1996). Color trails test: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Delis, D. C., Jacobson, M., Bondi, M. W., Hamilton, J. M., & Salmon, D. P. (2003). The myth of testing construct validity using factor analysis or correlations with normal or mixed clinical populations: Lessons from memory assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 936–946.
  • Elderkin-Thompson, V., Mintz, J., Haroon, E., Lavretsky, H., & Kumar, A. (2006). Executive dysfunction and memory in older patients with major and minor depression. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 669–676.10.1016/j.acn.2006.05.011
  • Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 1–11.
  • Ernst, T., Chang, L., Jovicich, J., Ames, N., & Arnold, S. (2002). Abnormal brain activation on functional MRI in cognitively asymptomatic HIV patients. Neurology, 59, 1343–1349.10.1212/01.WNL.0000031811.45569.B0
  • Ferrett, H. L., Thomas, K. G. F., Tapert, S. F., Carey, P. D., Conradie, S., Cuzen, N. L., …Fein, G. (2014). The cross-cultural utility of foreign-and locally-derived normative data for three WHO-endorsed neuropsychological tests for South African adolescents. Metabolic Brain Disease, 29, 395–408.10.1007/s11011-014-9495-6
  • Fujimura, R. K., Goodkin, K., Petito, C. K., Douyon, R., Feaster, D. J., Concha, M., & Shapshak, P. (1997). HIV-1 proviral DNA load across neuroanatomic regions of individuals with evidence for HIV-1-associated dementia. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 16, 146–152.10.1097/00042560-199711010-00002
  • Gaines, J. J., Shapiro, A., Alt, M., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2006). Semantic clustering indexes for the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised: Initial exploration in elder control and dementia groups. Applied Neuropsychology, 13, 213–222.10.1207/s15324826an1304_2
  • Gandhi, N., Saiyed, Z., Thangavel, S., Rodriguez, J., Rao, K. V., & Nair, M. P. (2009). Differential effects of HIV type 1 clade B and clade C tat protein on expression of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines by primary monocytes. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 25, 691–699.10.1089/aid.2008.0299
  • Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop color and word test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Chicago, IL: Stoelting.
  • Gongvatana, A., Woods, S. P., Taylor, M. J., Vigil, O., Grant, I., & The HNRC Group. (2007). Semantic clustering inefficiency in HIV-associated dementia. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19, 36–42.10.1176/jnp.2007.19.1.36
  • Grant, I. (2008). Neurocognitive disturbances in HIV. International Review of Psychiatry, 20, 33–47.10.1080/09540260701877894
  • Gsottschneider, A., Keller, Z., Pitschel-Walz, G., Froböse, T., Bäuml, J., & Jahn, T. (2011). The role of encoding strategies in the verbal memory performance in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Neuropsychology, 5, 56–72.10.1348/174866410X497382
  • Gupta, J. D., Satishchandra, P., Gopukumar, K., Wilkie, F., Waldrop-Valverde, D., Ellis, R., … Kumar, M. (2007). Neuropsychological deficits in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade C-seropositive adults from South India. Journal of Neurovirology, 13, 195–202.10.1080/13550280701258407
  • Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: Revised and expanded. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., Butters, N., White, D. A., Kirson, D., Atkinson, J., … The HNRC Group. (1995). The HNRC 500 – Neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 231–251.10.1017/S1355617700000230
  • Hemelaar, J., Gouws, E., Ghys, P. D., & Osmanov, S. (2006). Global and regional distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and recombinants in 2004. AIDS, 20, W13–W23.10.1097/01.aids.0000247564.73009.bc
  • Hestad, K. A., Menon, J. A., Silalukey-Ngoma, M., Franklin, D. R., Jr., Imasiku, M. L., Kalima, K., & Heaton, R. K. (2012). Sex differences in neuropsychological performance as an effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200, 336–342.10.1097/NMD.0b013e31824cc225
  • Hoare, J., Westgarth-Taylor, J., Fouche, J. P., Combrinck, M., Spottiswoode, B., Stein, D. J., & Joska, J. A. (2012). Relationship between apolipoprotein E4 genotype and white matter integrity in HIV-positive young adults in South Africa. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263, 189–195.
  • Hoare, J., Westgarth-Taylor, J., Fouche, J. P., Spottiswoode, B., Robert, P., Paul, R., … Joska, J. (2012). A diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological study of prospective memory impairment in South African HIV positive individuals. Metabolic Brain Disease, 27, 289–297.
  • Jacobs, G. B., Laten, A., van Rensburg, E. J., Bodem, J., Weissbrich, B., Rethwilm, A., … Engelbrecht, S. (2008). Phylogenetic diversity and low level antiretroviral resistance mutations in HIV type 1 treatment-naive patients from Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 24, 1009–1012.10.1089/aid.2008.0028
  • Joint United Nations Progamme on HIV/AIDS. (2009). Sub-Saharan Africa: Latest epidemiological trends. Retrieved from www.unaids.org
  • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. (2010). UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010. Retrieved from www.unaids.org
  • Jones, B. N., Teng, E. L., Folstein, M. F., & Harrison, K. S. (1993). A new bedside test of cognition for patients with HIV infection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119, 1001–1004.10.7326/0003-4819-119-10-199311150-00006
  • Joska, J. A., Gouse, H., Paul, R. H., Stein, D. J., & Flisher, A. J. (2010). Does highly active antiretroviral therapy improve neurocognitive function? A systematic review. Journal of Neurovirology, 16, 101–114.10.3109/13550281003682513
  • Joska, J. A., Westgarth-Taylor, J., Hoare, J., Thomas, K. G., Paul, R., Myer, L., & Stein, D. J. (2011). Validity of the international HIV dementia scale in South Africa. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25, 95–101.10.1089/apc.2010.0292
  • Joska, J. A., Westgarth-Taylor, J., Hoare, J., Thomas, K. G. F., Paul, R., Myer, L., & Stein, D. J. (2012). Neuropsychological outcomes in adults commencing highly active anti-retroviral treatment in South Africa: A prospective study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 12, 39.10.1186/1471-2334-12-39
  • Kircher, T., Weis, S., Leube, D., Freymann, K., Erb, M., Jessen, F., … Krach, S. (2008). Anterior hippocampus orchestrates successful encoding and retrieval of non-relational memory: An event-related fMRI study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 258, 363–372.10.1007/s00406-008-0805-z
  • Klove, H. (1963). Clinical neuropsychology. In F. M. Forster (Ed.), The medical clinics of North America (pp. 1647–1658). New York, NY: Sanders.
  • Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Lindl, K. A., Marks, D. R., Kolson, D. L., & Jordan-Sciutto, K. L. (2010). HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: Pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 5, 294–309.10.1007/s11481-010-9205-z
  • Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1978). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Mahungu, T. W., Rodger, A. J., & Johnson, M. A. (2009). HIV as a chronic disease. Clinical Medicine, 9, 125–128.10.7861/clinmedicine.9-2-125
  • Maki, P. M., & Martin-Thormeyer, E. (2009). HIV, cognition and women. Neuropsychology Review, 19, 204–214.10.1007/s11065-009-9093-2
  • Manda, K. R., Banerjee, A., Banks, W. A., & Ercal, N. (2011). Highly active antiretroviral therapy drug combination induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in immortalized human blood–brain barrier endothelial cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 50, 801–810.10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.029
  • McArthur, J. C., Cohen, B. A., Selnes, O. A., Kumar, A. J., Cooper, K., McArthur, J. H., … Polk, B. F. (1989). Low prevalence of neurological and neuropsychological abnormalities in otherwise healthy HIV-1-infected individuals: Results from the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Annals of Neurology, 26, 601–611.10.1002/(ISSN)1531-8249
  • Melrose, R. J., Tinaz, S., Castelo, J. M. B., Courtney, M. G., & Stern, C. E. (2008). Compromised fronto-striatal functioning in HIV: An fMRI investigation of semantic event sequencing. Behavioural Brain Research, 188, 337–347.10.1016/j.bbr.2007.11.021
  • Miller, E. N., Satz, P., & Visscher, B. (1991). Computerized and conventional neuropsychological assessment of HIV-1-infected homosexual men. Neurology, 41, 1608–1608.10.1212/WNL.41.10.1608
  • Miller, E. N., Seines, O. A., McArthur, J. C., Satz, P., Becker, J. T., Cohen, B. A., … Visscher, B. (1990). Neuropsychological performance in HIV-1-infected homosexual men The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Neurology, 40, 197–197.10.1212/WNL.40.2.197
  • Munro, C. A., Winicki, J. M., Schretlen, D. J., Gower, E. W., Turano, K. A., Muñoz, B., … West, S. K. (2012). Sex differences in cognition in healthy elderly individuals. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19, 759–768.10.1080/13825585.2012.690366
  • Murji, S., Rourke, S. B., Donders, J., Carter, S. L., Shore, D., & Rourke, B. P. (2003). Theoretically derived CVLT subtypes in HIV-1 infection: Internal and external validation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 1–16.
  • O’Neil-Pirozzi, T. M., Goldstein, R., Strangman, G. E., & Glenn, M. B. (2012). Test-re-test reliability of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 26, 1425–1430.10.3109/02699052.2012.694561
  • Orrell, C., Walensky, R. P., Losina, E., Pitt, J., Freedberg, K. A., & Wood, R. (2009). HIV type-1 clade C resistance genotypes in treatment-naive patients and after first virological failure in a large community antiretroviral therapy programme. Antiviral Therapy, 14, 523–531.
  • Osmanov, S., Pattou, C., Walker, N., Schwardländer, B., Esparza, J., & WHO-UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization. (2002). Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 29, 184–190.10.1097/00042560-200202010-00013
  • Paul, R. H., Joska, J. A., Woods, C., Seedat, S., Engelbrecht, S., Hoare, J., … Stein, D. J. (2014). Impact of the HIV tat C30C31S dicysteine substitution on neuropsychological function in patients with clade C disease. Journal of NeuroVirology, 20, 627–635.
  • Paul, R. H., Sacktor, N. C., Cysique, L., Brew, B., & Valcour, V. (2009). Impact of clade diversity on neuropsychological outcomes. In R. Paul, N. Sacktor, V. Valcour, & K. Tashima (Eds.), HIV and the brain: New challenges in the modern era (pp. 319–329). New York, NY: Humana Press.10.1007/978-1-59745-434-6
  • Peavy, G., Jacobs, D., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Delis, D. C., Taylor, M., … Grant, I. (1994). Verbal memory performance of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: Evidence of subcortical dysfunction. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 508–523.10.1080/01688639408402662
  • Pereda, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Gómez Del Barrio, A., Echevarria, S., Farinas, M. C., García Palomo, D., … Vázquez-Barquero, J. L. (2000). Factors associated with neuropsychological performance in HIV-seropositive subjects without AIDS. Psychological Medicine, 30, 205–217.10.1017/S0033291799001348
  • Pharo, H., Sim, C., Graham, M., Gross, J., & Hayne, H. (2011). Risky business: Executive function, personality, and reckless behavior during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Behavioral Neuroscience, 125, 970–978.10.1037/a0025768
  • Pomara, N., Crandall, D. T., Choi, S. J., Johnson, G., & Lim, K. O. (2001). White matter abnormalities in HIV-1 infection: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 106, 5–24.
  • Poreh, A. M. (2000). The quantified process approach: An emerging methodology to neuropsychological assessment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section D), 14, 212–222.10.1076/1385-4046(200005)14:2;1-Z;FT212
  • Ranga, U., Shankarappa, R., Siddappa, N. B., Ramakrishna, L., Nagendran, R., Mahalingam, M., … Prasad, V. R. (2004). Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C strains is a defective chemokine. Journal of Virology, 78, 2586–2590.10.1128/JVI.78.5.2586-2590.2004
  • Rao, V. R., Neogi, U., Talboom, J. S., Padilla, L., Rahman, M., Fritz-French, C., … Prasad, V. R. (2013). Clade C HIV-1 isolates circulating in Southern African exhibit a greater frequency of dicysteine motif-containing tat variants than those in Southeast Asia and cause increased neurovirulence. Retrovirology, 10. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-61
  • Rao, V. R., Sas, A. R., Eugenin, E. A., Siddappa, N. B., Bimonte-Nelson, H., Berman, J. W., … Prasad, V. R. (2008). HIV-1 clade-specific differences in the induction of neuropathogenesis. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 10010–10016.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2955-08.2008
  • Reitan, R. (1979). Manual for administration of neuropsychological test batteries for adults and children. Tucson, AZ: Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratories.
  • Reitan, R. M. (1955). The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19, 393–394.10.1037/h0044509
  • Robertson, K., Liner, J., & Heaton, R. (2009). Neuropsychological assessment of HIV-infected populations in international settings. Neuropsychology Review, 19, 232–249.10.1007/s11065-009-9096-z
  • Robertson, K., Liner, J., & Meeker, R. B. (2012). Antiretroviral neurotoxicity. Journal of NeuroVirology, 18, 388–399.10.1007/s13365-012-0120-3
  • Robertson, K. R., Kapoor, C., Robertson, W. T., Fiscus, S., Ford, S., & Hall, C. D. (2004). No gender differences in the progression of nervous system disease in HIV infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 36, 817–822.10.1097/00126334-200407010-00008
  • Sacktor, N., Nakasujja, N., Okonkwo, O., Skolasky, R. L., Robertson, K., Musisi, S., & Katabira, E. (2013). Longitudinal neuropsychological test performance among HIV seropositive individuals in Uganda. Journal of NeuroVirology, 19, 48–56.10.1007/s13365-012-0139-5
  • Samikkannu, T., Agudelo, M., Gandhi, N., Reddy, P. V., Saiyed, Z. M., Nwankwo, D., & Nair, M. P. (2011). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade B and C gp120 differentially induce neurotoxin arachidonic acid in human astrocytes: Implications for neuroAIDS. Journal of NeuroVirology, 17, 230–238.10.1007/s13365-011-0026-5
  • Satishchandra, P., Nalini, A., Gourie-Devi, M., Khanna, N., Santosh, V., Ravi, V., … Shankar, S. K. (2000). Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, South India (1989–96). Indian Journal of Medical Research, 111, 14–23.
  • Siddappa, N. B., Venkatramanan, M., Venkatesh, P., Janki, M. V., Jayasuryan, N., Desai, A., … Ranga, U. (2006). Transactivation and signaling functions of tat are not correlated: Biological and immunological characterization of HIV-1 subtype-C tat protein. Retrovirology, 3. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-5310.1186/1742-4690-3-53
  • Skuy, M., Schutte, E., Fridjhon, P., & O’Carroll, S. (2001). Suitability of published neuropsychological test norms for urban African secondary school students in South Africa. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1413–1425.10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00123-9
  • Smith, U. R., Kuiken, C. R., & Korber, B. T. (2003). Recent evolutionary history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B-response. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 56, 643–644.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2011). Midyear population estimates 2011. Retrieved from www.statssa.gov.za
  • Stricker, J. L., Brown, G. G., Wixted, J., Baldo, J. V., & Delis, D. C. (2002). New semantic and serial clustering indices for the California Verbal Learning Test-second edition: Background, rationale, and formulae. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 425–435.10.1017/S1355617702813224
  • Suarez, S., Baril, L., Stankoff, B., Khellaf, M., Dubois, B., Lubetzki, C., … Hauw, J. J. (2001). Outcome of patients with HIV-1 related cognitive impairment on highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 15, 195–200.10.1097/00002030-200101260-00008
  • Tozzi, V., Balestra, P., Serraino, D., Bellagamba, R., Corpolongo, A., Piselli, P., … Narciso, P. (2005). Neurocognitive impairment and survival in a cohort of HIV-infected patients treated with HAART. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 21, 706–713.10.1089/aid.2005.21.706
  • Van Harmelen, J. H., Van Der Ryst, E., Loubser, A. S., York, D., Madurai, S., Lyons, S., … Williamson, C. (1999). A predominantly HIV type 1 subtype C-restricted epidemic in South African urban populations. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 15, 395–398.10.1089/088922299311376
  • Wadia, R. S., Pujari, S. N., Kothari, S., Udhar, M., Kulkarni, S., Bhagat, S., & Nanivadekar, A. (2001). Neurological manifestations of HIV disease. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 49, 343–348.
  • Wechsler, D. (1997a). WMS-III: Wechsler Memory Scale administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (1997b). WAIS-III administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (1999). WASI manual; Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wendelken, L. A., & Valcour, V. (2012). Impact of HIV and aging on neuropsychological function. Journal of NeuroVirology, 18, 256–263.10.1007/s13365-012-0094-1
  • White, D. A., Taylor, M. J., Butters, N., Mack, C., Salmon, D. P., Peavy, G., … The HNRC Group. (1997). Memory for verbal information in individuals with HIV-associated dementia complex. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 357–366.10.1080/01688639708403864
  • Woods, S. P., Moore, D. J., Weber, E., & Grant, I. (2009). Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychology Review, 19, 152–168.10.1007/s11065-009-9102-5
  • Woods, S. P., Scott, J. C., Conover, E., Marcotte, T., Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & The HNRC Group. (2005). Test–retest reliability of component process variables within the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised. Assessment, 12, 96–100.10.1177/1073191104270342
  • Woods, S. P., Scott, J. C., Dawson, M. S., Morgan, E. E., Carey, C. L., Heaton, R. K., … The HNRC Group. (2005). Construct validity of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised component process measures in an HIV-1 sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 1061–1071.10.1016/j.acn.2005.06.007
  • Yepthomi, T., Paul, R., Vallabhaneni, S., Kumarasamy, N., Tate, D. F., Solomon, S., & Flanigan, T. (2006). Neurocognitive consequences of HIV in Southern India: A preliminary study of clade C virus. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 424–430.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.