Rouleau version of the Clock Drawing Test: age- and education-adjusted normative data from a wide Italian sample

References

• Ackermann, H. (1985). Mehrdimensionale nicht-parametrische Normbereiche. Methodologische und medizinische Aspekte [Multidimensional non-parametric normal ranges. Methodological and medical aspects]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.10.1007/978-3-642-70287-7
   Google Scholar
• Bartko, J. J. (1966). The intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability. Psychological Reports, 19, 3–11. doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartko, J. J., & Carpenter Jr., W. T. (1976). On the methods and theory of reliability. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 163, 307–317.10.1097/00005053-197611000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozikas, V. P., Giazkoulidou, A., Hatzigeorgiadou, M., Karavatos, A., & Kosmidis, M. H. (2008). Do age and education contribute to performance on the clock drawing test? Normative data for the Greek population. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30, 199–203. doi:10.1080/13803390701346113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffarra, P., Gardini, S., Zonato, F., Concari, L., Dieci, F., Copelli, S., … Venneri, A. (2011). Italian norms for the Freedman version of the Clock Drawing Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 982–988. doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.589373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahn, D. A., Salmon, D. P., Monsch, A. U., Butters, N., Wiederholt, W. C., Corey-Bloom, J., & Barrett-Connor, E. (1996). Screening for dementia of the Alzheimer type in the community: The utility of the Clock Drawing Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 529–539. doi:10.1016/0887-6177(95)00041-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, Y. C., Li, C. L., Lin, K. N., Chiu, Y. F., & Liu, H. C. (2008). Sensitivity and specificity of the Clock Drawing Test, incorporating Rouleau scoring system, as a screening instrument for questionable and mild dementia: Scale development. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 75–84. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Critchley, M. (1953). The parietal lobes. London: Edward Arnold & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Crowe, M., Allman, R. M., Triebel, K., Sawyer, P., & Martin, R. C. (2010). Normative performance on an executive clock drawing task (CLOX) in a community-dwelling sample of older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25, 610–617. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrucci, L., Cecchi, F., Guralnik, J. M., Giampaoli, S., Lo Noce, C., Salani, B., … Baroni, A. (1996). Does the Clock Drawing Test predict cognitive decline in older persons independent of the mini mental state examination? The FINE Study Group. Finland, Italy, The Netherlands Elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 1326–1331. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01403.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, M., Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Winocur, G., Shulman, K. I., & Delis, D. C. (1994). Clock drawing: A neuropsychological analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard, E. J., Santini, V., Blankevoort, C. G., Volkers, K. M., Barrup, M. S., Byerly, L., … Stern, R. A. (2008). Clock drawing performance in cognitively normal elderly. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 295–327. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. 2015 [ Italy’s National Statistics Institute (2015)]. Rapporto Annuale. La situazione del paese nel 2015 [Annual report: The state of the Nation in 2015]. Italy. Retrieved from http://www.istat.it/en/
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, E. (1988). Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & Chey, J. (2010). Effects of education, literacy, and dementia on the Clock Drawing Test performance. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 1138–1146. doi:10.1017/S1355617710000731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, L. C., Chiu, H. F., Ng, K. O., Chan, C., Chan, W. F., Li, S. W., & Wong, M. (1998). Clock-face drawing, reading and setting tests in the screening of dementia in chinese elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and the Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 53B, P353–P357. doi:10.1093/geronb/53B.6.P353
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K. S., Kim, E. A., Hong, C. H., Lee, D. W., Oh, B. H., & Cheong, H. K. (2008). Clock Drawing Test in mild cognitive impairment: Quantitative analysis of four scoring methods and qualitative analysis. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 26, 483–489. doi:10.1159/000167879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libon, D. J., Malamut, B. L., Swenson, R., Sands, L. P., & Cloud, B. S. (1996). Further analyses of clock drawings among demented and nondemented older subjects. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 193–205. doi:10.1093/arclin/11.3.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvan, I., Goldman, J. G., Tröster, A. I., Schmand, B. A., Weintraub, D., Petersen, R. C., … Emre, M. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines. Movement Disorders, 27, 349–356. doi:10.1002/mds.24893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magni, E., Binetti, G., Bianchetti, A., Rozzini, R., & Trabucchi, M. (1996). Mini-Mental State Examination: A normative study in Italian elderly population. European Journal of Neurology, 3, 198–202. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.1996.tb00423.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcopulos, B., & McLain, C. (2003). Are our norms “normal”? A 4-year follow-up study of a biracial sample of rural elders with low education. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 19–33. doi:10.1076/clin.17.1.19.15630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka, T., Narumoto, J., Okamura, A., Taniguchi, S., Kato, Y., Shibata, K., … Fukui, K. (2013). Neural correlates of the components of the Clock Drawing Test. International Psychogeriatrics, 25, 1317–1323. doi:10.1017/S1041610213000690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka, T., Narumoto, J., Shibata, K., Okamura, A., Nakamura, K., Nakamae, T., … Fukui, K. (2011). Neural correlates of performance on the different scoring systems of the Clock Drawing Test. Neuroscience Letters, 487, 421–425. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Measso, G., Cavarzeran, F., Zappalà, G., Lebowitz, B. D., Crook, T. H., Pirozzolo, F. J., … Grioletto, F. (1993). The mini‐mental state examination: Normative study of an Italian random sample. Developmental Neuropsychology, 9, 77–85. doi:10.1080/87565649109540545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez, M. F., Ala, T., & Underwood, K. L. (1992). Development of scoring criteria for the clock drawing task in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1095–1099. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01796.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mioshi, E., Dawson, K., Mitchell, J., Arnold, R., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). The Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination revised (ACE-R): A brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 1078–1085. doi:10.1002/gps.1610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A. J. (2009). A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the mini-mental state examination in the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 411–431. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.04.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondini, S., Mapelli, D., Vestri, A., & Bisiacchi, P. (2003). Esame neuropsicologico breve [ Brief neuropsychological exam]. Milano, IT: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
   Google Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 695–699. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamura, A., Kitabayashi, Y., Kohigashi, M., Shibata, K., Ishida, T., Narumoto, J., … Fukui, K. (2012). Neuropsychological and functional correlates of clock-drawing test in elderly institutionalized patients with schizophrenia. Psychogeriatrics, 12, 242–247. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8301.2012.00425.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orvin, K., Dvir, D., Weiss, A., Assali, A., Vaknin-Assa, H., Shapira, Y., … Kornowski, R. (2014). Comprehensive prospective cognitive and physical function assessment in elderly patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Cardiology, 127, 227–235. doi:10.1159/000356696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (2000). Foundations of clinical research; application to practice (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Julie Alexander.
   Google Scholar
• Price, C. C., Cunningham, H., Coronado, N., Freedland, A., Cosentino, S., Penney, D. L., … Libon, D. J. (2011). Clock drawing in the montreal cognitive assessment: Recommendations for dementia assessment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 31, 179–187. doi:10.1159/000324639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricci, M., Pigliautile, M., D’Ambrosio, V., Ercolani, S., Bianchini, C., Ruggiero, C., … Mecocci, P. (2016). The Clock Drawing Test as a screening tool in mild cognitive impairment and very mild dementia: A new brief method of scoring and normative data in the elderly. Neurological Sciences, 37, 867–873. doi:10.1007/s10072-016-2480-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouleau, I., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1996). Longitudinal analysis of clock drawing in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Brain and Cognition, 31, 17–34. doi:10.1006/brcg.1996.0022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouleau, I., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Kennedy, C., & McGuire, K. (1992). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 18, 70–87. doi:10.1016/0278-2626(92)90112-Y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, J. J., Glass, L. A., Bartels, J. M., & Paolo, A. M. (2009). Base rates of “10 to 11” clocks in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Neuroscience, 119, 1261–1266. doi:10.1080/00207450902897121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santangelo, G., Siciliano, M., Pedone, R., Vitale, C., Falco, F., Bisogno, R., … Trojano, L. (2015). Normative data for the montreal cognitive assessment in an Italian population sample. Neurological Sciences, 36, 585–591. doi:10.1007/s10072-014-1995-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlan, J. M., Brush, M., Quijano, C., & Borson, S. (2002). Comparing clock tests for dementia screening: Naïve judgments vs formal systems – What is optimal? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 14–21. doi:10.1002/gps.516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seichepine, D. R., Neargarder, S., Davidsdottir, S., Reynolds, G. O., & Cronin-Golomb, A. (2015). Side and type of initial motor symptom influences visuospatial functioning in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, 5, 75–83. doi:10.3233/JPD-140365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, K. I. (2000). Clock-drawing: Is it the ideal cognitive screening test? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 548–561. doi:10.1002/1099-1166(200006)15:6<548:AID-GPS242>3.0.CO;2-U
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, K. I., Pushkar Gold, D., Cohen, C. A., & Zucchero, C. A. (1993). Clock-drawing and dementia in the community: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 487–496. doi:10.1002/gps.930080606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siciliano, M., Raimo, S., Tufano, D., Basile, G., Grossi, D., Santangelo, F., … Santangelo, G. (2015). The Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination revised (ACE-R) and its sub-scores: Normative values in an Italian population sample. Neurological Sciences, 3, 385–392. doi:10.1007/s10072-015-2410-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinnler, H., & Tognoni, G. (1987). Standardizzazione e taratura italiana di test neuropsicologici [Italian standardization and adjustment of neuropsychological tests]. Neurological Sciences, 6, 8–20.
   Google Scholar
• Suhr, J., Grace, J., Allen, J., Nadler, J., & McKenna, M. (1998). Quantitative and qualitative performance of stroke versus normal elderly on six clock drawing systems. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 495–502. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(97)00039-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunderland, T., Hill, J. L., Mellow, A. M., Lawlor, B. A., Gundersheimer, J., Newhouse, P. A., & Grafman, J. H. (1989). Clock drawing in Alzheimer’s disease. A novel measure of dementia severity. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 725–729. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb02233.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira Fabricio, A., Aprahamian, I., & Sanches Yassuda, M. (2014). Qualitative analysis of the Clock Drawing Test by educational level and cognitive profile. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 72, 289–295. doi:10.1590/0004-282X20140004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojano, L., & Gainotti, G. (2016). Drawing disorders in Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 53, 31–52. doi:10.3233/JAD-160009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuokko, H., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Miller, J. A., & Beattie, B. L. (1992). The clock test: A sensitive measure to differentiate normal elderly from those with Alzheimer disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 579–584. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb02106.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Gunten, A., Ostos-Wiechetek, M., Brull, J., Vaudaux-Pisquem, I., Cattin, S., & Duc, R. (2008). Clock-drawing test performance in the normal elderly and its dependence on age and education. European Neurology, 60, 73–78. doi:10.1159/000131895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, P., Shi, L., Zhao, Q., Hong, Z., & Guo, Q. (2014). Longitudinal changes in Clock Drawing Test (CDT) Performance before and after cognitive decline. PLoS One, 9, e97873. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilks, S. S. (1941). Determination of samples size for setting tolerance limits. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 12, 91–96. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731788
   Google Scholar
• Wolf-Klein, G. P., Silverstone, F. A., Levy, A. P., & Brod, M. S. (1989). Screening for Alzheimer’s disease by clock drawing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 730–734. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb02234.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, S., Mogi, N., Umegaki, H., Suzuki, Y., Ando, F., Shimokata, H., & Iguchi, A. (2004). The Clock Drawing Test as a valid screening method for mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 18, 172–179. doi:10.1159/000079198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, A., & Jia, J. (2008). The value of the Clock Drawing Test and the mini-mental state examination for identifying vascular cognitive impairment no dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 422–426. doi:10.1002/gps.1897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar