References
- Adams, R. B., & Kleck, R. E. (2003). Perceived gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of emotion. Psychological Science, 14(6), 644–647.10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1479.x
- Adams, R. B., & Kleck, R. E. (2005). Effects of direct and averted gaze on the perception of facially communicated emotion. Emotion, 5(1), 3.10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.3
- Akechi, H., Senju, A., Uibo, H., Kikuchi, Y., Hasegawa, T., & Hietanen, J. K. (2013). Attention to eye contact in the west and east: Autonomic responses and evaluative ratings. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e59312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059312
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Biederman, J., Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hérot, C., Friedman, D., Snidman, N., … Faraone, S. V. (2001). Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(10), 1673–1679.10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1673
- Bourgeois, J. A., Seritan, A. L., Casillas, E. M., Hessl, D., Schneider, A., Yang, Y., … Hagerman, R. J. (2011). Lifetime prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in fragile X premutation carriers. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(2), 175–182.10.4088/JCP.09m05407blu
- Box, G. E., & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 211–252.
- Bruner, J. (1983). The acquisition of pragmatic commitments. The Transition from Prelinguistic to Linguistic Communication, 27–42.
- Chen, F. S., & Yoon, J. D. (2011). Brief report: Broader autism phenotype predicts spontaneous reciprocity of direct gaze. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1131–1134.10.1007/s10803-010-1136-2
- Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment, 41(68), 00022–00023.
- Clauss, J. A., & Blackford, J. U. (2012). Behavioral inhibition and risk for developing social anxiety disorder: A meta-analytic study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 1066–1075.e1.
- Clifford, S., Dissanayake, C., Bui, Q. M., Huggins, R., Taylor, A. K., & Loesch, D. Z. (2007). Autism spectrum phenotype in males and females with fragile X full mutation and premutation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 738–747. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0205-z
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
- Cohen, I. L., Fisch, G. S., Sudhalter, V., Wolf-Schein, E. G., Hanson, D., Hagerman, R., … Brown, W. T. (1988). Social gaze, social avoidance, and repetitive behavior in fragile X males: A controlled study. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 92, 436–446.
- Conty, L., Tijus, C., Hugueville, L., Coelho, E., & George, N. (2006). Searching for asymmetries in the detection of gaze contact versus averted gaze under different head views: A behavioural study. Spatial Vision, 19(6), 529–545.10.1163/156856806779194026
- Daly, S. (1978). Behavioural correlates of social anxiety. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 117–120.10.1111/bjc.1978.17.issue-2
- Doherty-Sneddon, G., Bruce, V., Bonner, L., Longbotham, S., & Doyle, C. (2002). Development of gaze aversion as disengagement from visual information. Developmental Psychology, 38, 438–445.10.1037/0012-1649.38.3.438
- Doherty-Sneddon, G., & Phelps, F. G. (2005). Gaze aversion: A response to cognitive or social difficulty? Memory & Cognition, 33, 727–733.10.3758/BF03195338
- Farabee, D. J., Holcom, J. M. L., Ramsey, S. L., & Cole, S. G. (1993). Social anxiety and speaker gaze in a persuasive atmosphere. Journal of Research in Personality, 27(4), 365–376. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1993.1025
- Farroni, T., Csibra, G., Simion, F., & Johnson, M. H. (2002). Eye contact detection in humans from birth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(14), 9602–9605. doi:10.1073/pnas.152159999
- Farroni, T., Massaccesi, S., Menon, E., & Johnson, M. H. (2007). Direct gaze modulates face recognition in young infants. Cognition, 102(3), 396–404. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.01.007
- First, M. B., & Gibbon, M. (2004). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders (SCID-II). In M. J. H. D. L. Segal (Ed.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol. 2: Personality assessment (pp. 134–143). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Nichols, K. E., & Ghera, M. M. (2005). Behavioral inhibition: Linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 235–262.10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141532
- Franke, P., Leboyer, M., Gänsicke, M., & Weiffenbach, O. (1998). Genotype-phenotype relationship in female carriers of the premutation and full mutation of FMR-1. Psychiatry Research, 80, 113–127.10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00055-9
- Fresco, D., Coles, M., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M., Hami, S., Stein, M., & Goetz, D. (2001). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31(6), 1025–1035.
- Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2001). The biological basis of social interaction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 151–155.10.1111/1467-8721.00137
- Gladstone, G. L., Parker, G. B., Mitchell, P. B., Wilhelm, K. A., & Malhi, G. S. (2005). Relationship between self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition and lifetime anxiety disorders in a clinical sample. Depression and Anxiety, 22(3), 103–113. doi:10.1002/da.20082
- Glenberg, A. M. (1997). What memory is for. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 20, 1–9.
- Grossmann, T., Johnson, M. H., Farroni, T., & Csibra, G. (2007). Social perception in the infant brain: Gamma oscillatory activity in response to eye gaze. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(4), 284–291. doi:10.1093/scan/nsm025
- Guellai, B., & Streri, A. (2011). Cues for early social skills: Direct gaze modulates newborns’ recognition of talking faces. PLoS ONE, 6(4), e18610.10.1371/journal.pone.0018610
- Hagerman, R. J., & Hagerman, P. J. (2002). The fragile X premutation: Into the phenotypic fold. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 12(3), 278–283.10.1016/S0959-437X(02)00299-X
- Hall, D. A., Birch, R. C., Anheim, M., Jønch, A. E., Pintado, E., O’Keefe, J., … Leehey, M. A. (2014). Emerging topics in FXTAS. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 6(1), 31. doi:10.1186/1866-1955-6-31
- Hanna, J. E., & Brennan, S. E. (2007). Speakers’ eye gaze disambiguates referring expressions early during face-to-face conversation. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(4), 596–615. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.01.008
- Hessl, D., Glaser, B., Dyer-Friedman, J., & Reiss, A. L. (2006). Social behavior and cortisol reactivity in children with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(6), 602–610.10.1111/jcpp.2006.47.issue-6
- Hessl, D., & Grigsby, J. (2016). Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: Another phenotype of the fragile X gene. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(6), 810–814. doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1186661
- Hessl, D., Rivera, S., Koldewyn, K., Cordeiro, L., Adams, J., Tassone, F., … Hagerman, P. J. (2007). Amygdala dysfunction in men with the fragile X premutation. Brain, 130, 404–416.10.1093/brain/awl338
- Hessl, D., Wang, J. M., Schneider, A., Koldewyn, K., Le, L., Iwahashi, C., … Rivera, S. M. (2011). Decreased fragile X mental retardation protein expression underlies amygdala dysfunction in carriers of the fragile X premutation. Biological Psychiatry, 70(9), 859–865. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.033
- Hirshfeld, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Bolduc, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Snidman, N., … Kagan, J. (1992). Stable behavioral inhibition and its association with anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 103–111.10.1097/00004583-199201000-00016
- Ho, S., Foulsham, T., & Kingstone, A. (2015). Speaking and listening with the eyes: Gaze signaling during dyadic interactions. PLoS ONE, 10(8), e0136905. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136905
- Hood, B. M., Macrae, C. N., Cole-Davies, V., & Dias, M. (2003). Eye remember you: The effects of gaze direction on face recognition in children and adults. Developmental Science, 6(1), 67–71.10.1111/desc.2003.6.issue-1
- Hurley, R., Losh, M., Parlier, M., Reznick, J. S., & Piven, J. (2007). The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1679–1690.10.1007/s10803-006-0299-3
- Ingersoll, B., Hopwood, C. J., Wainer, A., & Brent Donnellan, M. B. (2011). A comparison of three self-report measures of the broader autism phenotype in a non-clinical sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1646–1657.10.1007/s10803-011-1192-2
- Itier, R. J., & Batty, M. (2009). Neural bases of eye and gaze processing: The core of social cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(6), 843–863. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.02.004
- Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Pearson Assessments.
- Kleinke, C. L. (1986). Gaze and eye contact: A research review. Psychological Bulletin, 100(1), 78.10.1037/0033-2909.100.1.78
- Klusek, J., LaFauci, G., Adayev, T., Brown, W. T., Tassone, F., & Roberts, J. (2017). Cardiac autonomic function in women with the FMR1 premutation is associated with mRNA and CGG Expansion but not depression or anxiety. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 9(1–16).
- Klusek, J., Losh, M., & Martin, G. (2014). Sex differences and within-family associations in the broad autism phenotype. Autism, 18, 106–116. doi:10.1177/1362361312464529
- Klusek, J., McGrath, S. E., Abbeduto, L., & Roberts, J. E. (2016). Pragmatic language features of mothers with the FMR1 premutation are associated with the language outcomes of adolescents and young adults with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59, 49–61. doi:10.1044/2015_JSLHR-L-15-0102
- Klusek, J., Schmidt, J., Fairchild, A. J., Porter, A., & Roberts, J. E. (2017). Altered sensitvity to social gaze in the FMR1 premutation and pragmatic language competence. Journal of Neurodevelopemtnal Disoders, 9, 1–10.
- Kraan, C. M., Hocking, D. R., Bradshaw, J. L., Fielding, J., Cohen, J., Georgiou-Karistianis, N., & Cornish, K. M. (2013). Neurobehavioural evidence for the involvement of the FMR1 gene in female carriers of fragile X syndrome. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(3), 522–547. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.010
- Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141–173.10.1159/issn.0077-0094
- Losh, M., Childress, D., Lam, K., & Piven, J. (2008). Defiing key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple- and single-incidence autism families. American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part B, 147B, 424–433.
- Losh, M., Klusek, J., Martin, G. E., Sideris, J., Parlier, M., & Piven, J. (2012). Defining genetically meaningful language and personality traits in relatives of individuals with fragile X syndrome and relatives of individuals with autism. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 159B(6), 660–668. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32070
- Losh, M., & Piven, J. (2007). Social-cognition and the broad autism phenotype: Identifying genetically meaningful phenotypes. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 48, 105–112.10.1111/jcpp.2007.48.issue-1
- Macrae, C. N., Hood, B. M., Milne, A. B., Rowe, A. C., & Mason, M. F. (2002). Are you looking at me? Eye gaze and person perception. Psychological Science, 13(5), 460–464.10.1111/1467-9280.00481
- Maddalena, A., Richards, C. S., McGinniss, M. J., Brothman, A., Desnick, R. J., Grier, R. E., … Popovich, B. (2001). Technical standards and guidelines for fragile X: The first of a series of disease-specific supplements to the standards and guidelines for clinical genetics laboratories of the American college of medical genetics. Genetics in Medicine, 3(3), 200–205.10.1097/00125817-200105000-00010
- McCarthy, A., & Lee, K. (2009). Children’s knowledge of deceptive gaze cues and its relation to their actual lying behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 103(2), 117–134.10.1016/j.jecp.2008.06.005
- Milders, M., Hietanen, J. K., Leppänen, J. M., & Braun, M. (2011). Detection of emotional faces is modulated by the direction of eye gaze. Emotion, 11(6), 1456–1461. doi:10.1037/a0022901
- Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 160–165. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.160
- Nichols, K., & Champness, B. (1971). Eye gaze and the GSR. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7(6), 623–626.10.1016/0022-1031(71)90024-2
- Nolin, S. L., Brown, W. T., Glicksman, A., Houck, G. E., Jr., Gargano, A. D., Sullivan, A., … Sherman, S. L. (2003). Expansion of the fragile X CGG repeat in females with premutation or intermediate alleles. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 72(2), 454–464. doi:10.1086/367713
- Riddle, J., Cheema, A., Sobesky, W., Gardner, S., Taylor, A., Pennington, B., & Hagerman, R. (1997). Phenotypic involvement in females with the FMR1 gene mutation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 102(6), 590–601.10.1352/0895-8017(1998)102<0590:PIIFWT>2.0.CO;2
- Roberts, J. E., Tonnsen, B. L., McCary, L. M., Ford, A. L., Golden, R. N., & Bailey, D. B. (2016). Trajectory and predictors of depression and anxiety disorders in mothers with the FMR1 premutation. Biological Psychiatry, 79(10), 850–857. https://doi.org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.01510.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.015
- Roberts, J. E., Weisenfeld, L. A. H., Hatton, D. E., Heath, M., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2007). Social approach and autistic behavior in children with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1748–1760.10.1007/s10803-006-0305-9
- Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 122.10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.122
- Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). SCQ: The Social Communication Questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
- Rytwinski, N. K., Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Coles, M. E., Liebowitz, M. R., Cissell, S., … Hofmann, S. G. (2009). Screening for social anxiety disorder with the self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 34–38.10.1002/da.v26:1
- SAS Insititute. (2012). SAS 9.4 for windows. Cary, NC: Author.
- Sasson, N. J., Lam, K. S., Childress, D., Parlier, M., Daniels, J. L., & Piven, J. (2013). The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire: Prevalence and diagnostic classification. Autism Research, 6, 134–143.10.1002/aur.1272
- Schneider, A., Johnston, C., Tassone, F., Sansone, S., Hagerman, R. J., Ferrer, E., … Hessl, D. (2016). Broad autism spectrum and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adults with the fragile X premutation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30, 929–943.10.1080/13854046.2016.1189536
- Schneier, F. R., Rodebaugh, T. L., Blanco, C., Lewin, H., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2011). Fear and avoidance of eye contact in social anxiety disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(1), 81–87.10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.006
- Seltzer, M. M., Baker, M. W., Hong, J., Maenner, M., Greenberg, J., & Mandel, D. (2012). Prevalence of CGG expansions of the FMR1 gene in a US population-based sample. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 159B(5), 589–597. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32065
- Seltzer, M. M., Barker, E. T., Greenberg, J. S., Hong, J., Coe, C., & Almeida, D. (2012). Differential sensitivity to life stress in FMR1 premutation carrier mothers of children with Fragile X Syndrome. Health Psychology, 31(5), 612–622. doi:10.1037/a0026528
- Selya, A. S., Rose, J. S., Dierker, L. C., Hedeker, D., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2012). A practical guide to calculating Cohen’s f 2, a measure of local effect size, from PROC MIXED. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1–6.
- Senju, A., & Hasegawa, T. (2005). Direct gaze captures visuospatial attention. Visual Cognition, 12(1), 127–144. doi:10.1080/13506280444000157
- Senju, A., Hasegawa, T., & Tojo, Y. (2005). Does perceived direct gaze boost detection in adults and children with and without autism? The stare-in-the-crowd effect revisited Visual Cognition, 12(8), 1474–1496.10.1080/13506280444000797
- Tassone, F., Hagerman, R. J. T., Taylor, A. K., Mills, J. B., Harris, S. W., Gane, L. W., & Hagerman, P. J. (2000). Clinical involvement and protein expression in individuals with theFMR1 premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 91, 144–152. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000313)91:2<144::AID-AJMG14>3.0.CO;2-V
- Tomasello, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Vertegaal, R., Slagter, R., Van der Veer, G., & Nijholt, A. (2001). Eye gaze patterns in conversations: There is more to conversational agents than meets the eyes. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 301–308). New York, NY: ACM Press.
- Wirth, J. H., Sacco, D. F., Hugenberg, K., & Williams, K. D. (2010). Eye gaze as relational evaluation: Averted eye gaze leads to feelings of ostracism and relational devaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(7), 869–882. doi:10.1177/0146167210370032