228
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Generalizability of demographically corrected Zambian neuropsychological norms to South African women

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , ORCID Icon & show all
Pages 40-57 | Received 09 Apr 2018, Accepted 25 Feb 2019, Published online: 05 Apr 2019

References

  • American Psychological Association. (2017). Multicultural guidelines: An ecological approach to context, identity, and intersectionality. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/about/policy/multicultural-guidelines.aspx
  • Andrews, K., Shuttleworth-Edwards, A., & Radloff, S. (2012). Normative indications for Xhosa speaking unskilled workers on the trail making and Stroop tests. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 22(3), 333–341. doi: 10.1080/14330237.2012.10820538
  • Ardila, A., Ostrosky-Solis, F., Rosselli, M., & Gómez, C. (2000). Age-related cognitive decline during normal aging: The complex effect of education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(6), 495–513. doi: 10.1093/arclin/15.6.495
  • Ardila, A., Roselli, M., & Puente, A. E. (1994). Neuropsychological evaluation of the Spanish speaker. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., Ostrosky-Solís, F., Marcos, J., Granda, G., & Soto, M. (2000). Syntactic comprehension, verbal memory, and calculation abilities in Spanish-English bilinguals. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(1), 3–16. doi: 10.1207/S15324826AN0701_2
  • Benedict, R. H. (1977). Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised. Lutz FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Benedict, R. H., Schretlen, D., Groninger, L., & Brandt, J. (1998). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test-retest reliability. Clinical Neuropsychology, 12(1), 43–55. doi: 10.1076/clin.12.1.43.1726
  • Benedict, R. H., Schretlen, D., Groninger, L., Dobraski, M., & Shpritz, B. (1996). Revision of the Brief visuospatial memory test: Studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 8(2), 145–153. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.8.2.145
  • Benton, A., Hamsher, K., & Sivan, A. (1994). Multilingual aphasia examination. San Antonio TX: Pearson PsychCorp.
  • Brickman, A. M., Cabo, R., & Manly, J. J. (2006). Ethical issues in cross-cultural neuropsychology. Applied Neuropsychology, 13(2), 91–100. doi: 10.1207/s15324826an1302_4
  • Byrd, D. A., Sanchez, D., & Manly, J. J. (2005). Neuropsychological test performance among Caribbean-born and U.S.-born African American elderly: The role of age, education and reading level. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(8), 1056–1069. doi: 10.1080/13803390490919353
  • Carey, C. L., Woods, S. P., Gonzalez, R., Conover, E., Marcotte, T. D., Grant, I., … Group, H. (2004). Predictive validity of global deficit scores in detecting neuropsychological impairment in HIV infection. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsycholgy, 26(3), 307–319. doi: 10.1080/13803390490510031
  • Chin, A. L., Negash, S., Xie, S., Arnold, S. E., & Hamilton, R. (2012). Quality, and not just quantity, of education accounts for differences in psychometric performance between african americans and white non-Hispanics with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(2), 277–285. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711001688
  • Choca, J., & Morris, J. (1992). Administering the category test by computer: Equivalence of results. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6(1), 9–15. doi: 10.1080/13854049208404112
  • de Almeida, S.M., Ribeiro, C.E., de Pereira, A.P., Cherner, M., Smith, D.M., Maich, I., & Ellis, R.J. (2013). Neurocognitive impairment in HIV-1 Clade C versus B infected individuals in Southern Brazil. Journal of NeuroVirology, 19(6), 550–556. doi: 10.1007/s13365-013-0215-5
  • Dick, M. B., Teng, E. L., Kempler, D., Davis, D. S., & Taussig, I. M. (2002). The Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CCNB): Effects of age, education, ethnicity, and cognitive status on performance. In F. R. Ferraro (Ed.), Minority and cross-cultural aspects of neuropsychological assessment (pp. 17–41). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
  • Flores, I., Casaletto, K. B., Marquine, M. J., Umlauf, A., Moore, D. J., Mungas, D., …, Heaton, R. K. (2017). Performance of Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites on the NIH toolbox cognition battery: the roles of ethnicity and language backgrounds. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(4), 783–797. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1276216
  • Golden, C. (1978). Stroop color and word test manual (Cat. 30150M). Chicago, IL: Stoelting Co.
  • Gronwall, D. M. (1977). Paced auditory serial-addition task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44(2), 367–373. doi: 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367
  • Gupta, S., Vaida, F., Riggs, K., Jin, H., Grant, I., Cysique, L., …, the HNRC Group. (2011). Neuropsychological performance in Mainland China: The effects of urban/rural residence and self-reported daily academic skill use. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(1), 163–173.
  • Gupta, S., Iudicello, J.E., Shi, C., Letendre, S., Knight, A.F., Li, J., …, Heaton, R.K. (2014). Absence of neurocognitive impairment in a large Chinese sample of HCV-infected injection drug users receiving methadone treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 137(1), 29–35. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.021
  • Hale, S. (1990). A global developmental trend in cognitive processing speed. Child Development, 61(3), 653–663.
  • Hartshorne, K. B. (1992). Crisis and Challenge: Black Education 1910-1990. Cape Town and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Heaton, R. K. (1999). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Computer Version 3, Research Edition. Odessa, FL.: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Heaton, R. K., Ryan, L., Grant, I., Matthews, C. G. (1996). Demographic influences on neuropsychological test performance. In I. Grant & K. M. Adams (Eds.), Neuropsychological Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, (2nd ed., pp. 141–163). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Heaton, R.K. & Marcotte, T.D. (2000). Clinical neuropsychological tests and assessment techniques. In F. Boller, J. Grafman & G. Rizzolatti (Eds.). Handbook of Neuropsychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, 27–52). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
  • Heaton, R. K., Miller, S. W., Taylor, M. J., & Grant, I. (2004). Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: Demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and Caucasian adults scoring program. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Heaton, R.K., Cysique, L.A., Jin, H., Shi, C., Yu, X., Letendre, S., … the HNRC Group. (2008). Neurobehavioral effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection among former plasma donors in rural China. Journal of Neurovirology, 14, 536–549.
  • Heaton, R.K., Ryan, L., & Grant, I. (2009). Demographic influences and use of demographically corrected norms in neuropsychological assessment. In I. Grant & K.M. Adams (Eds.). Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric and neuromedical disorders (pp. 127–155). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Heaton, R. K., Clifford, D. B., & Franklin, D. R. (2010). HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER study. Neurology, 75(23), 2087–2096. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d727
  • Heaton, R. K., Cysique, L. A., Jin, H., Shi, C., Yu, X., Letendre, S., … Wu, Z. (2010). Neurobehavioral effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection among former plasma donors in rural China. Journal of Neurovirology, 14(6), 536–549.
  • Hestad, K. A., Menon, J. A., Serpell, R., Kalungwana, L., Mwaba, S. O., Kabuba, N., … Heaton, R. K. (2016). Do neuropsychological test norms from African Americans in the United States generalize to a Zambian population? Psychological Assessment, 28(1), 18–38.
  • Humphreys, G. W., Duta, M. D., Montana, L., Demeyere, N., McCrory, C., Rohr, J., Kahn, K., Tollman, S., … Berkman, L. (2016). Cognitive function in low-income and low-literacy settings: Validation of the tablet-based Oxford Cognitive Screen in the Health and Aging in Africa: A longitudinal study of an INDEPTH community in South Africa (HAALSI). The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(1), 38–50. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbw139
  • Kamat, R., Ghate, M., Gollan, T.H., Meyer, R., Heaton, R.K., Letendre, S., …, the HNRC. (2012) Effects of Marathi-Hindi bilingualism on neuropsychological performance. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(2), 305–313. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711001731
  • Kanmogne, G. D., Kuate, C. T., Cysique, L. A., Fonsah, J. Y., Eta, S., Doh, R., … Njamnshi, A. K. (2010). HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in sub-Saharan Africa: A pilot study in Cameroon. BMC Neurology, 10(1), 1–11.
  • Kaufman, J. S., Cooper, R. S., & McGee, D. L. (1997). Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: The problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race. Epidemiology, 8(6), 621–628.
  • Kitsao-Wekulo, P. K., Holding, P. A., Taylor, H. G., Abubakar, A., & Connolly, K. (2013). Neuropsychological testing in a rural African school-age population: Evaluating contributions to variability in test performance. Assessment, 20(6), 776–784. doi: 10.1177/1073191112457408
  • Leininger, S., & Skeel, R. (2012). Cortisol and self-report measures of anxiety as predictors of neuropsychological performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(3), 318–328. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acs035
  • Lu, P. H., Lee, G. J., Tishler, T. A., Meghpara, M., Thompson, P. M., & Bartzokis, G. (2013). Myelin breakdown mediates age-related slowing in cognitive processing speed in healthy elderly men. Brain and Cognition, 81(1), 131–138. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.006
  • Manly, J. J. (2005). Advantages and disadvantages of separate norms for African Americans. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19(2), 270–275. doi: 10.1080/13854040590945346
  • Manly, J. J., & Echemendia, R. J. (2007). Race-specific norms: Using the model of hypertension to understand issues of race, culture, and education in neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(3), 319–325. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.006
  • Manly, J. J., Jacobs, D. M., Touradji, P., Small, S. A., & Stern, Y. (2002). Reading level attenuates differences in neuropsychological test performance between African American and White elders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(3), 341–348. doi: 10.1017/S1355617702813157
  • Manly, J. J., Miller, S. W., Heaton, R. K., Byrd, D., Reilly, J., Velasquez, R. J., … Grant, I. (1998). The effect of African-American acculturation on neuropsychological test performance in normal and HIV-positive individuals. The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) Group. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4(3), 291–302.
  • Mario, M., D'Elia, L., Satz, P., Janssen, R., Zaudig, M., Uchiyama, C., … Chervinsky, A. (1993). Evaluation of two new neuropsychological tests designed to minimize cultural bias in the assessment of HIV-1 seropositive persons: A WHO study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8(2), 123–135. doi: 10.1093/arclin/8.2.123
  • Matthews, C. G., & Klove, H. (1964). Instruction Manual for the Adult Neuropsychology Test Battery. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Medical School.
  • McKay, P. F., Doverspike, D., Bowen-Hilton, D., & McKay, Q. D. (2003). The effects of demographic variables and stereotype threat on Black/White differences in cognitive ability test performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18(1), 1–14. doi: 10.1023/A:1025062703113
  • Mungas, D., Marshall, S. C., Weldon, M., Haan, M., & Reed, B. R. (1996). Age and education correction of mini-mental state examination for English-and Spanish-speaking elderly. Neurology, 46(3), 700–706. doi: 10.1212/WNL.46.3.700
  • Mungas, D., Reed, B. R., Farias, S. T., & Decarli, C. (2009). Age and education effects on relationships of cognitive test scores with brain structure in demographically diverse older persons. Psychology and Aging, 24(1), 116–128. doi: 10.1037/a0013421
  • Nell, V. (1994). Interpretation and misinterpretation of the South African Wechsler-Bellevue Adult Intelligence Scale: A history and a prospectus. South African Journal of Psychology, 24(2), 100–109. doi: 10.1177/008124639402400208
  • Norman, M. A., Evans, J. D., Miller, W. S., & Heaton, R. K. (2000). Demographically corrected norms for the California verbal learning test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22(1), 80–94. doi: 10.1076/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;FT080
  • Norman, M. A., Moore, D. J., Taylor, M., Franklin, D., Jr., Cysique, L., Ake, C., & the HNRC Group (2011). Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(7), 793–804.
  • O'Bryant, S. E., Lucas, J. A., Willis, F. B., Smith, G. E., Graff-Radford, N. R., & Ivnik, R. J. (2007). Discrepancies between self-reported years of education and estimated reading level among elderly community-dwelling African-Americans: Analysis of the MOAANS data. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(3), 327–332. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.007
  • OECD (2017). OECD economic surveys: South Africa 2017. Paris: Author. doi: 10.1787/eco_surveys-zaf-2017-en
  • Ostrosky-Solis, Canseco, E., Quintanar, L., Meneses, S., & Ardila, A. (1985). Sociocultural effects in neuropsychological assessment. International Journal of Neuroscience, 27(1/2), 53–66. doi: 10.3109/00207458509149134
  • Phillipson, R. (1996). Linguistic imperialism: African perspectives. ELT Journal, 50(2), 160–167. doi: 10.1093/elt/50.2.160
  • Posel, D., & Zeller, J. (2015). Language shift or increased bilingualism in South Africa: evidence from census data. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(4), 357–370. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2015.1072206
  • Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsycholgical Test Battery: Therapy and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychological Press.
  • Richards, M., & Deary, I. J. (2005). A life course approach to cognitive reserve: a model for cognitive aging and development? Annals of Neurology, 58(4), 617–622. doi: 10.1002/ana.20637
  • Robertson, K., Jiang, H., Evans, S. R., Marra, C. M., Berzins, B., Hakim, J., … AIDS Clinical Trials Group (2016). International neurocognitive normative study: neurocognitive comparison data in diverse resource-limited settings: AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5271. Journal of Neurovirology, 22(4), 472–478. doi: 10.1007/s13365-015-0415-2
  • Rosen, W. G. (1980). Verbal fluency in aging and dementia. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2(2), 135–146. doi: 10.1080/01688638008403788
  • Rosselli, M., & Ardila, A. (2003). The impact of culture and education on non-verbal neuropsychological measurements: A critical review. Brain and Cognition, 52(3), 326–333. doi: 10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00170-2
  • Rusznyak, L. (2014, May 7). South African education still fails many 20 years after apartheid. The Conversation. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35427853
  • Sacktor, N. C., Wong, M., Nakasujja, N., Skolasky, R. L., Selnes, O. A., Musisi, S., … Katabira, E., 2005. (2005). The International HIV Dementia Scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. AIDS, 19(13), 1367–1374.
  • Salthouse, T. A. (2000). Aging and measures of processing speed. Biological Psychology, 54(1–3), 35–54.
  • Schaie, K. W. (2005). What can we learn from longitudinal studies of adult development? Research in Human Development, 2(3), 133–158. doi: 10.1207/s15427617rhd0203_4
  • Schmidt, S. L., Oliveira, R. M., Rocha, F. R., & Abreu-Villaca, Y. (2000). Influences of handedness and gender on the grooved pegboard test. Brain and Cognition, 44(3), 445–454. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1999.1204
  • Scott, J. C., Matt, G. E., Wrocklage, K. M., Crnich, C., Jordan, J., Southwick, S. M., … Schweinsburg, B. C. (2015). A quantitative meta-analysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 105–140. doi: 10.1037/a0038039
  • Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IVand ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(20), 22–33.
  • Shuttleworth-Edwards, A.B., Kemp, R.D., Rust, A.L., Muirhead, J.G.L., Hartman, N.P., Radloff, S.E. (2004). Cross-cultural effects on IQ test performance: A review and preliminary normative indications on WAIS-III test performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26(7), 903–920. doi: 10.1080/13803390490510824
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1972). State-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Spies, G., Fennema-Notestine, C., Cherner, M., & Seedat, S. (2017). Changes in cognitive function in women with HIV infection and early life stress. AIDS Care, 29(1), 14–23. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1204417
  • Spies, G., & Seedat, S. (2014). Depression and resilience in women with HIV and early life stress: does trauma play a mediating role? A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 4(2), e004200. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004200
  • Stemler, S., Chamvu, F., Chart, H., Jarvin, L., Jere, J., Hart, L., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2009). Assessing competencies in reading and mathematics in Zambian children. In E. L. Grigorenko (Ed.), Multicultural psychoeducational assessment (pp. 157–186). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Suchy, Y (2016). Population-based norms in crisis. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(7), 973–974. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1225363
  • Tombaugh, T. N., Kozak, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and Animal Naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14(2), 167–177. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6177(97)00095-4
  • Van Wijk, C. (2013). Screening for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) in South Africa: A caution against uncritical use of comparative data from other developing countries. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, 14(1), 17–19. doi: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v14i1.97
  • Van Wijk, C. H., & Meintjes, W. A. J. (2015). Grooved Pegboard for adult employed South Africans: Socio-demographic influences. South African Journal of Psychology, 45(4), 536–550. doi: 10.1177/0081246315587693
  • Watts, A. D. (2008). Neuropsychology in South Africa: Past, present and future. In C. van Ommen & D. Painter (Eds.), Interiors: A History of Psychology in Southern Africa (pp. 353–380). Compleat: Unisa Press.
  • Watts, A. D., & Shuttleworth-Edwards, A. B. (2016). Neuropsychology in South Africa: confronting the challenges of specialist practice in a culturally diverse developing country. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(8), 1305–1324. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1212098
  • Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Third edition (WAIS-III). Pearson PsychCorp: San Antonio, TX.
  • Weins, A. N., Tindall, A. G., & Crossen, J. R. (1994). California Verbal Learning Test: A normative study. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 8(1), 75–90. doi: 10.1080/13854049408401545
  • Williams, D. R. (1999). Race, socioeconomic status, and health: The added effects of racism and discrimination. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 173–188.
  • World Bank (2010). World Development Indicators. Retrieved November 19, 2019 from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SE.ADT.LITR.ZS&country=ZAF,ZMB

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.