References
- Albert, M., Blacker, D., Moss, M. B., Tanzi, R., & McArdle, J. J. (2007). Longitudinal change in cognitive performance among individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 21(2), 158–169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.158
- Amieva, H., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J.-F., Rouch-Leroyer, I., Sourgen, C., D'Alchée-Birée, F., Dib, M., Barberger-Gateau, P., Orgogozo, J.-M., & Fabrigoule, C. (2004). Annual rate and predictors of conversion to dementia in subjects presenting mild cognitive impairment criteria defined according to a population-based study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 18(1), 87–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000077815
- Apostolova, L. G., & Cummings, J. L. (2008). Neuropsychiatric manifestations in mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review of the literature. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 25(2), 115–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000112509
- Benedict, R. H., Schretlen, D., Groninger, L., & Brandt, J. (1998). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test-retest reliability. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.12.1.43.1726
- Blom, E. S., Giedraitis, V., Zetterberg, H., Fukumoto, H., Blennow, K., Hyman, B. T., Irizarry, M. C., Wahlund, L.-O., Lannfelt, L., & Ingelsson, M. (2009). Rapid progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease in subjects with elevated levels of tau in cerebrospinal fluid and the APOE ε4/ε4 genotype. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27(5), 458–464. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000216841
- Boller, F., Becker, J. T., Holland, A. L., Forbes, M. M., Hood, P. C., & McGonigle-Gibson, K. L. (1991). Predictors of decline in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 27(1), 9–17.
- Boyle, P. A., Wilson, R. S., Aggarwal, N. T., Tang, Y., & Bennett, D. A. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment risk of Alzheimer disease and rate of cognitive decline. Neurology, 67(3), 441–445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000228244.10416.20
- Butters, M. A., Becker, J. T., Nebes, R. D., Zmuda, M. D., Mulsant, B. H., Pollock, B. G., & Reynolds III, C. F. (2000). Changes in cognitive functioning following treatment of late-life depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(12), 1949–1954.
- Ciesielska, N., Sokolowski, R., Mazur, E., Podhorecka, M., Polak-Szabela, A., & Kedziora-Kornatowska, K. (2016). Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test better suited than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) detection among people aged over 60? Meta-analysis. Psychiatria Polska, 50(5), 1039–1052.
- Cooper, C., Sommerlad, A., Lyketsos, C. G., & Livingston, G. (2015). Modifiable predictors of dementia in mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(4), 323–334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070878
- Copeland, M. P., Daly, E., Hines, V., Mastromauro, C., Zaitchik, D., Gunther, J., & Albert, M. (2003). Psychiatric symptomatology and prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 17(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-200301000-00001
- Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., Roses, A. D., Haines, J. L., & Pericak-Vance, M. A. (1993). Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families. Science (New York, N.Y.), 261(5123), 921–923. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8346443
- Dickerson, B. C., Sperling, R. A., Hyman, B. T., Albert, M. S., & Blacker, D. (2007). Clinical prediction of Alzheimer disease dementia across the spectrum of mild cognitive impairment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(12), 1443–1450.
- Drijgers, R. L., Verhey, F. R., Leentjens, A. F., Köhler, S., & Aalten, P. (2011). Neuropsychological correlates of apathy in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: The role of executive functioning. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(8), 1327–1333. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610211001037
- Elias-Sonnenschein, L. S., Viechtbauer, W., Ramakers, I. H., Verhey, F. R., & Visser, P. J. (2011). Predictive value of APOE-ε4 allele for progression from MCI to AD-type dementia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 82(10), 1149–1156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2010.231555
- Farlow, M. R., He, Y., Tekin, S., Xu, J., Lane, R., & Charles, H. C. (2004). Impact of APOE in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 63(10), 1898–1901. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000144279.21502.B7
- Feldman, H., Scheltens, P., Scarpini, E., Hermann, N., Mesenbrink, P., Mancione, L., Tekin, S., Lane, R., & Ferris, S. (2004). Behavioral symptoms in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 62(7), 1199–1201. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000118301.92105.EE
- Finkel, S. I., e Silva, J. C., Cohen, G., Miller, S., & Sartorius, N. (1997). Behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia: A consensus statement on current knowledge and implications for research and treatment. International Psychogeriatrics, 8(S3), 497–500. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610297003943
- Fleisher, A. S., Sowell, B. B., Taylor, C., Gamst, A. C., Petersen, R. C., & Thal, L. J. (2007). Clinical predictors of progression to Alzheimer disease in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 68(19), 1588–1595. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000258542.58725.4c
- Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
- Gainotti, G., Quaranta, D., Vita, M. G., & Marra, C. (2013). Neuropsychological predictors of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 38(3), 481–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-130881
- Ganguli, M., Dodge, H. H., Shen, C., & DeKosky, S. T. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type: An epidemiologic study. Neurology, 63(1), 115–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000132523.27540.81
- Griffith, H. R., Netson, K. L., Harrell, L. E., Zamrini, E. Y., Brockington, J. C., & Marson, D. C. (2006). Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Diagnostic outcomes and clinical prediction over a two-year time period. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(2), 166–175. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617706060267
- Hodges, J. R., Erzinçlioğlu, S., & Patterson, K. (2006). Evolution of cognitive deficits and conversion to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A very-long-term follow-up study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21(5-6), 380–391. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000092534
- Holland, D., Desikan, R. S., Dale, A. M., & McEvoy, L. K. (2013). Higher rates of decline for women and apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers. Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 34(12), 2287–2293. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3601
- Hwang, T. J., Masterman, D. L., Ortiz, F., Fairbanks, L. A., & Cummings, J. L. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment is associated with characteristic neuropsychiatric symptoms. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 18(1), 17–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-200401000-00004
- Jack, C. R., Weigand, S. D., Shiung, M. M., Przybelski, S. A., O'Brien, P. C., Gunter, J. L., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., Smith, G. E., & Petersen, R. C. (2008). Atrophy rates accelerate in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 70(19 Pt 2), 1740–1752. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000281688.77598.35
- Johnson, J. K., Gross, A. L., Pa, J., McLaren, D. G., Park, L. Q., & Manly, J. J., & Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2012). Longitudinal change in neuropsychological performance using latent growth models: A study of mild cognitive impairment. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 6(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-012-9161-8
- Kaplan, E. F., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). Boston naming test. Lea & Febiger.
- Kashiwa, Y., Kitabayashi, Y., Narumoto, J. I. N., Nakamura, K., Ueda, H., & Fukui, K. (2005). Anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease: Association with patient characteristics, psychiatric symptoms and cognitive deficits. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 59(6), 697–704.
- Kaufer, D. I., Cummings, J. L., Ketchel, P., Smith, V., MacMillan, A., Shelley, T., Lopez, O. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2000). Validation of the NPI-Q, a brief clinical form of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12(2), 233–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.12.2.233
- Kryscio, R. J., Schmitt, F. A., Salazar, J. C., Mendiondo, M. S., & Markesbery, W. R. (2006). Risk factors for transitions from normal to mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Neurology, 66(6), 828–832. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000203264.71880.45
- Lopez, O. L., Schwam, E., Cummings, J., Gauthier, S., Jones, R., Wilkinson, D., Waldemar, G., Zhang, R., & Schindler, R. (2010). Predicting cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: An integrated analysis. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 6(6), 431–439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2010.04.003
- Lyketsos, C. G., Lopez, O., Jones, B., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Breitner, J., & DeKosky, S. (2002). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: Results from the cardiovascular health study. JAMA, 288(12), 1475–1483. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.12.1475
- Mahurin, R. C., & Cooke, N. (1996). The verbal series attention test: Normal and demented older adults. Clinical Neuropsychology, 10(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854049608406662
- Malek-Ahmadi, M. (2016). Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 30(4), 324–330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000145
- McCoach, D. B. (2010). Hierarchical linear modeling. In G. R. Hancock, R. O. Mueller, & L. M. Stapleton (Eds.), The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (pp. 123–140). Routledge.
- McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease Report of the NINCDS‐ADRDA Work Group* under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology, 34(7), 939–939. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.34.7.939
- Michon, A., Deweer, B., Pillon, B., Agid, Y., & Dubois, B. (1994). Relation of anosognosia to frontal lobe dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 57(7), 805–809.
- Modrego, P. J., & Ferrández, J. (2004). Depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment increases the risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer type: A prospective cohort study. Archives of Neurology, 61(8), 1290–1293. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.8.1290
- Mohs, R. C., Knopman, D., Petersen, R. C., Ferris, S. H., Ernesto, C., Grundman, M., Sano, M., Bieliauskas, L., Geldmacher, D., Clark, C., & Thai, L. J. (1997). Development of cognitive instruments for use in clinical trials of antidementia drugs: Additions to the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale that broaden its scope. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 11, 13–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-199700112-00003
- Morris, J. C. (1993). The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules. Neurology, 43(11), 2412–2412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.43.11.2412-a
- Osterrieth, P. A. (1944). Le test de copie d'une figure complexe; contribution à l'étude de la perception et de la mémoire. Archives de Psychologie, 30, 206–356.
- Palmer, K., Di Iulio, F., Varsi, A. E., Gianni, W., Sancesario, G., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2010). Neuropsychiatric predictors of progression from amnestic-mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: The role of depression and apathy. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease: JAD, 20(1), 175–183. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1352
- Pavlik, V. N., Chan, W., & Darby, E. (2019). Cohort effects in progression rate on cognitive and functional measures in an Alzheimer’s disease clinical cohort. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 71(2), 659–669. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190661
- Perri, R., Serra, L., Carlesimo, G. A., & Caltagirone, C. (2007). Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Difference of memory profile in subjects who converted or did not convert to Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 21(5), 549.
- Peters, M. E., Rosenberg, P. B., Steinberg, M., Tschanz, J. T., Norton, M. C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Hayden, K. M., Breitner, J. C. S., & Lyketsos, C. G., & Cache County Investigators. (2012). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in CIND and its subtypes: The Cache County Study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(5), 416–424. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e318211057d
- Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256(3), 183–194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x
- Petersen, R. C., Lopez, O., Armstrong, M. J., Getchius, T. S. D., Ganguli, M., Gloss, D., Gronseth, G. S., Marson, D., Pringsheim, T., Day, G. S., Sager, M., Stevens, J., & Rae-Grant, A. (2018). Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 90(3), 126–1212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004826
- Petersen, R. C., & Negash, S. (2008). Mild cognitive impairment: An overview. CNS Spectrums, 13(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900016151
- Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., Schaid, D. J., Thibodeau, S. N., Kokmen, E., Waring, S. C., & Kurland, L. T. (1995). Apolipoprotein E status as a predictor of the development of Alzheimer’s disease in memory-impaired individuals. JAMA, 273(16), 1274–1278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03520400044042
- Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56(3), 303–308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.3.303
- Rabins, P. V., Blacker, D., Rovner, B. W., Rummans, T., Schneider, L. S., Tariot, P. N., & Fochtmann, L. J. (2017). American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: Second edition. FOCUS, 15(1), 110–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.15106
- Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8(3), 271–276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271
- Robert, P. H., Berr, C., Volteau, M., Bertogliati, C., Benoit, M., Mahieux, F., Legrain, S., & Dubois, B. (2006a). Neuropsychological performance in mild cognitive impairment with and without apathy. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21(3), 192–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000090766
- Robert, P. H., Berr, C., Volteau, M., Bertogliati, C., Benoit, M., Sarazin, M., Legrain, S., & Dubois, B. (2006b). Apathy in patients with mild cognitive impairment and the risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer’s disease: A one-year follow-up study. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 108(8), 733–736. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2006.02.003
- Rozzini, L., Chilovi, B. V., Conti, M., Bertoletti, E., Delrio, I., Trabucchi, M., & Padovani, A. (2007). Conversion of amnestic mild cognitive impairment to dementia of Alzheimer type is independent to memory deterioration. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(12), 1217–1222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1816
- Ryan, J. J., Sattler, J. M., & Lopez, S. J. (2000). Age effects on Wechsler adult intelligence scale-III subtests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(4), 311–317.
- Schrijnemaekers, A. M. C., de Jager, C. A., Hogervorst, E., & Budge, M. M. (2006). Cases with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease fail to benefit from repeated exposure to episodic memory tests as compared with controls. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(3), 438–455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390590935462
- Silva, D., Guerreiro, M., Maroco, J., Santana, I., Rodrigues, A., Marques, J. B., & de Mendonça, A. (2012). Comparison of four verbal memory tests for the diagnosis and predictive value of mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 2(1), 120–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000336224
- Sinharay, S., Stern, H. S., & Russell, D. (2001). The use of multiple imputation for the analysis of missing data. Psychological Methods, 6(4), 317–329.
- Skinner, J., Carvalho, J. O., Potter, G. G., Thames, A., Zelinski, E., Crane, P. K., & Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2012). The Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale-cognitive-plus (ADAS-Cog-Plus): An expansion of the ADAS-Cog to improve responsiveness in MCI. Brain imaging and Behavior, 6(4), 489–501.
- Somme, J., Fernández-Martínez, M., Molano, A., & Jose Zarranz, J. (2013). Neuropsychiatric symptoms in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Increased risk and faster progression to dementia. Current Alzheimer Research, 10(1), 86–94.
- Spreen, O., & Benton, A. L. (1969). Neurosensory center comprehensive examination for aphasia. Neuropsychology Laboratory.
- Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. Oxford University Press.
- Strittmatter, W. J., Saunders, A. M., Schmechel, D., Pericak-Vance, M., Enghild, J., Salvesen, G. S., & Roses, A. D. (1993). Apolipoprotein E: High-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90(5), 1977–1981. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.5.1977
- Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054651
- Teng, E., Lu, P. H., & Cummings, J. L. (2007). Neuropsychiatric symptoms are associated with progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 24(4), 253–259. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000107100
- Tierney, M. C., Szalai, J. P., Snow, W. G., Fisher, R. H., Nores, A., Nadon, G., Dunn, E., & St George-Hyslop, P. H. (1996). Prediction of probable Alzheimer’s disease in memory-impaired patients A prospective longitudinal study. Neurology, 46(3), 661–665. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.46.3.661
- Wechsler, D. (1981). WAIS-R manual: Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised. Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler memory scale-revised. Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler, D. (1997). WAIS-III: Administration and scoring manual: Wechsler adult intelligence scale. Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler, D., Coalson, D. L., & Raiford, S. E. (2008). WAIS-IV: Wechsler adult intelligence scale. Pearson.
- Wilkosz, P. A., Seltman, H. J., Devlin, B., Weamer, E. A., Lopez, O. L., DeKosky, S. T., & Sweet, R. A. (2010). Trajectories of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 22(2), 281–290.
- Wilson, R. S., Beckett, L. A., Barnes, L. L., Schneider, J. A., Bach, J., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2002). Individual differences in rates of change in cognitive abilities of older persons. Psychology and Aging, 17(2), 179–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.179
- Wisdom, N. M., Mignogna, J., & Collins, R. L. (2012). Variability in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV subtest performance across age. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(4), 389–397. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs041
- Xu, W. L., Caracciolo, B., Wang, H. X., Santoni, G., Winblad, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2013). Accelerated progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia among APOE ε4ε4 carriers. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease: JAD, 33(2), 507–515. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-121369
- Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4