Predictive ability of the clock drawing test to detect mild cognitive impairment and dementia over time: Results from the HELIAD study

References

• Almeida-Meza, P., Steptoe, A., & Cadar, D. (2021). Markers of cognitive reserve and dementia incidence in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 218(5), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Amodeo, S., Mainland, B. J., Herrmann, N., & Shulman, K. I. (2015). The times they are a-changin: Clock drawing and prediction of dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 28(2), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/891988714554709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprahamian, I., Martinelli, J. E., Neri, A. L., & Yassuda, M. S. (2010). The accuracy of the Clock Drawing Test compared to that of standard screening tests for Alzheimer’s disease: Results from a study of Brazilian elderly with heterogeneous educational backgrounds. International Psychogeriatrics, 22(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209991141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babins, L., Slater, M.-E., Whitehead, V., & Chertkow, H. (2008). Can an 18-point clock-drawing scoring system predict dementia in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(2), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390701336411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belleville, S., Fouquet, C., Hudon, C., Zomahoun, H. T. V., & Croteau, J. (2017). Neuropsychological measures that predict progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s type dementia in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 27(4), 328–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-017-9361-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessi, V., Mazzeo, S., Padiglioni, S., Piccini, C., Nacmias, B., Sorbi, S., & Bracco, L. (2018). From subjective cognitive decline to Alzheimer’s disease: The predictive role of neuropsychological assessment, personality traits, and cognitive reserve. A 7-year follow-up study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease : JAD, 63(4), 1523–1535. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-171180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges, M. K., Canevelli, M., Cesari, M., & Aprahamian, I. (2019). Frailty as a predictor of cognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Medicine, 6, 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozikas, V. P., Giazkoulidou, A., Hatzigeorgiadou, M., Karavatos, A., & Kosmidis, M. H. (2008). Do age and education contribute to performance on the clock drawing test? Normative data for the Greek population. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(2), 199–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390701346113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacho, J., Benito-León, J., García-García, R., Fernández-Calvo, B., Vicente-Villardón, J. L., & Mitchell, A. J. (2010). Does the combination of the MMSE and Clock Drawing Test (mini-clock) improve the detection of mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment? Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease : JAD, 22(3), 889–896. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2010-101182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffarra, P., Gardini, S., Zonato, F., Concari, L., Dieci, F., Copelli, S., Freedman, M., Stracciari, A., & Venneri, A. (2011). Italian norms for the Freedman version of the Clock Drawing Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(9), 982–988. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.589373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canevelli, M., Grande, G., Lacorte, E., Quarchioni, E., Cesari, M., Mariani, C., Bruno, G., & Vanacore, N. (2016). Spontaneous reversion of mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17(10), 943–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coley, N., Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Soininen, H., Vellas, B., Richard, E., Kivipelto, M., & Andrieu, S. (2019). Adherence to multidomain interventions for dementia prevention: Data from the FINGER and MAPT trials. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 15(6), 729–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csukly, G., Sirály, E., Fodor, Z., Horváth, A., Salacz, P., Hidasi, Z., Csibri, E., Rudas, G., & Szabó, Á. (2016). The differentiation of amnestic type MCI from the non-amnestic types by structural MRI. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 8, 52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dardiotis, Ε., Kosmidis, Μ. Η., Yannakoulia, M., Hadjigeorgiou, G. M., & Scarmeas, N. (2014). The Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet (HELIAD): Rationale, study design, and cohort description. Neuroepidemiology, 43(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000362723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wit, L., O’Shea, D., Chandler, M., Bhaskar, T., Tanner, J., Vemuri, P., Crook, J. M., M., & Smith, G. (2018). Physical exercise and cognitive engagement outcomes for mild neurocognitive disorder: A group-randomized pilot trial. Trials, 19(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2865-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Bari, M., Williamson, J., & Pahor, M. (1999). Missing‐data in epidemiological studies of age‐associated cognitive decline. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(11), 1380–1381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb07445.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duro, D., Freitas, S., Tábuas-Pereira, M., Santiago, B., Botelho, M. A., & Santana, I. (2019). Discriminative capacity and construct validity of the Clock Drawing Test in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33(7), 1159–1174. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/neu0000549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehreke, L., Luck, T., Luppa, M., König, H. H., Villringer, A., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2011). Clock Drawing Test–screening utility for mild cognitive impairment according to different scoring systems: Results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA 75+). International Psychogeriatrics, 23(10), 1592–1601. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021100144X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehreke, L., Luppa, M., König, H. H., Villringer, A., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2011). Does the clock drawing test predict dementia? Results of the Leipzig longitudinal study of the aged (LEILA 75+). Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 31(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1159/000323317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Blázquez, M. A., Noriega-Ruiz, B., Ávila-Villanueva, M., Valentí-Soler, M., Frades-Payo, B., Del Ser, T., & Gómez-Ramírez, J. (2021). Impact of individual and neighborhood dimensions of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment over seven-year follow-up. Aging & Mental Health, 25(5), 814–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1725803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, M., Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Winocur, G., Shulman, K. I., & Delis, D. C. (1994). Clock drawing: A neuropsychological analysis. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gainotti, G., Quaranta, D., Vita, M. G., & Marra, C. (2014). Neuropsychological predictors of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 38(3), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-130881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallucci, M., Di Battista, M. E., Battistella, G., Falcone, C., Bisiacchi, P. S., D., & Giorgi, E. (2018). Neuropsychological tools to predict conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to dementia. The TREDEM Registry. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 25(4), 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2017.1349869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrilova, S. I., Fedorova, Y. B., Roshchina, I. F., & Korovaitseva, G. I. (2008). Prognosis of mild cognitive impairment syndrome: Data from a two-year clinical follow-up study. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 38(2), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-008-0018-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George, K. M., Lutsey, P. L., Kucharska-Newton, A., Palta, P., Heiss, G., Osypuk, T., & Folsom, A. R. (2020). Life-course individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status and risk of dementia in the Atherosclerosis risk in communities neurocognitive study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 189(10), 1134–1142. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, H. R., Netson, K. L., Harrell, L. E., Zamrini, E. Y., Brockington, J. C., & Marson, D. C. (2006). Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Diagnostic outcomes and clinical prediction over a two-year time period. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(2), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617706060267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, X. H., Feng, L., Zhang, C., Cao, X. P., Tan, L., & Yu, J. T. (2019). Models for predicting risk of dementia: A systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 90(4), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-318212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard, E. J., Santini, V., Blankevoort, C. G., Volkers, K. M., Barrup, M. S., Byerly, L., Chaisson, C., Jefferson, A. L., Kaplan, E., Green, R. C., & Stern, R. A. (2008). Clock drawing performance in cognitively normal elderly. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 23(3), 295–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iracleous, P., Nie, J. X., Tracy, C. S., Moineddin, R., Ismail, Z., Shulman, K. I., & Upshur, R. E. (2010). Primary care physicians’ attitudes towards cognitive screening: Findings from a national postal survey. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato, Y., Narumoto, J., Matsuoka, T., Okamura, A., Koumi, H., Kishikawa, Y., Terashima, S., & Fukui, K. (2013). Diagnostic performance of a combination of Mini-Mental State Examination and Clock Drawing Test in detecting Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 581–586. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S42209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell, T. D., & Monsell, S. E. (2012). Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal or near-normal cognition: Risk factors and prognosis. Neurology, 79(15), 1591–1598. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826e26b7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosmidis, M. H., Vlachos, G. S., Anastasiou, C. A., Yannakoulia, M., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Sakka, P., Ntanasi, E., & Scarmeas, N. (2018). Dementia prevalence in Greece. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 32(3), 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuang, J., Zhang, P., Cai, T., Zou, Z., Li, L., Wang, N., & Wu, L. (2021). Prediction of transition from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease based on a logistic regression–artificial neural network–decision tree model. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 21(1), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9(3), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M., Hughes, T. M., George, K. M., Griswold, M. E., Sedaghat, S., Simino, J., & Lutsey, P. L. (2022). Education and cardiovascular health as effect modifiers of APOE ε4 on dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 77(6), 1199–1207. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K. S., Kim, E. A., Hong, C. H., Lee, D. W., Oh, B. H., & Cheong, H. K. (2008). Clock drawing test in mild cognitive impairment: Quantitative analysis of four scoring methods and qualitative analysis. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 26(6), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.1159/000167879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainland, B. J., & Shulman, K. I. (2017). Clock Drawing Test. In A. J. Larner (Ed.), Cognitive screening instruments: A practical approach (2nd ed., pp. 67–108). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Mazancova, A. F., Nikolai, T., Stepankova, H., Kopecek, M., & Bezdicek, O. (2017). The reliability of clock drawing test scoring systems modeled on the normative data in healthy aging and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment. Assessment, 24(7), 945–957. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116632586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montero-Odasso, M., Ismail, Z., & Livingston, G. (2020). One third of dementia cases can be prevented within the next 25 years by tackling risk factors. The case “for” and “against. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 12(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00646-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. C. (1994). The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules. Neurology, 43(11), 2412–2414. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.11.2412-a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair, A. K., Gavett, B. E., Damman, M., Dekker, W., Green, R. C., Mandel, A., Auerbach, S., Steinberg, E., Hubbard, E. J., Jefferson, A., & Stern, R. A. (2010). Clock drawing test ratings by dementia specialists: Interrater reliability and diagnostic accuracy. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 22(1), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.22.1.85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganini-Hill, A., & Clark, L. J. (2011). Longitudinal assessment of cognitive function by clock drawing in older adults. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 1(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1159/000326781
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandya, S. Y., Lacritz, L. H., Weiner, M. F., Deschner, M., & Woon, F. L. (2017). Predictors of reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 43(3-4), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1159/000456070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256(3), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. C. (2016). Mild cognitive impairment. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 22(2), 404–418. https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petersen, R. C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rabins, P. V., Ritchie, K., Rossor, M., Thal, L., & Winblad, B. (2001). Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 58(12), 1985–1992. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.58.12.1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto, E., & Peters, R. (2009). Literature review of the Clock Drawing Test as a tool for cognitive screening. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27(3), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2018.17.3.100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, M., Ali, G. C., Guerchet, M., Prina, A. M., Albanese, E., & Wu, Y. T. (2016). Recent global trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia, and survival with dementia. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-016-0188-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qu, Y., Ma, Y. H., Huang, Y. Y., Ou, Y. N., Shen, X. N., Chen, S. D., Dong, Q., Tan, L., & Yu, J. T. (2021). Blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakusa, M., Jensterle, J., & Mlakar, J. (2018). Clock drawing test: A simple scoring system for the accurate screening of cognitive impairment in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 45(5–6), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. O., Geda, Y. E., Knopman, D. S., Cha, R. H., Pankratz, V. S., Boeve, B. F., Tangalos, E. G., Ivnik, R. J., Rocca, W. A., & Petersen, R. C. (2012). The incidence of MCI differs by subtype and is higher in men: The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Neurology, 78(5), 342–351. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182452862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubínová, E., Nikolai, T., Marková, H., Šiffelová, K., Laczó, J., Hort, J., & Vyhnálek, M. (2014). Clock Drawing Test and the diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Can more detailed scoring systems do the work? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36(10), 1076–1083. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.977233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev, P. S., Lipnicki, D. M., Crawford, J., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N. A., Trollor, J. N., Wen, W., Draper, B., Slavin, M. J., Kang, K., Lux, O., Mather, K. A., & Brodaty, H. (2013). Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: A population-based study. PloS One, 8(3), e59649. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. R., Edmonds, E. C., Eppig, J., Salmon, D. P., & Bondi, M. W. (2018). Using neuropsychological process scores to identify subtle cognitive decline and predict progression to mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 64(1), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-180229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokuchi, R., Hishikawa, N., Kurata, T., Sato, K., Kono, S., Yamashita, T., Deguchi, K., & Abe, K. (2014). Clinical and demographic predictors of mild cognitive impairment for converting to Alzheimer’s disease and reverting to normal cognition. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 346(1-2), 288–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umegaki, H., Suzuki, Y., Komiya, H., Watanabe, K., Yamada, Y., Nagae, M., & Kuzuya, M. (2021). Frequencies and neuropsychological characteristics of errors in the Clock Drawing Test. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-210456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umegaki, H., Suzuki, Y., Yamada, Y., Komiya, H., Watanabe, K., Nagae, M., & Kuzuya, M. (2020). Association of the qualitative Clock Drawing Test with progression to dementia in non-demented older adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9), 2850–2859. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachos, G. S., Kosmidis, M. H., Yannakoulia, M., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Sakka, P., Ntanasi, E., Stefanis, L., & Scarmeas, N. (2020). Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly population in Greece: Results from the HELIAD study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 34(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachos, G. S., Kosmidis, M. H., Yannakoulia, M., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Tzoulaki, I., Georgiou, A., N., Sakka, P., Anastasiou, C. A., Stefanis, L., & Scarmeas, N. (2021a). Dementia Incidence in the elderly population of Greece: Results from the HELIAD study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 35(1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachos, G. S., Kosmidis, M. H., Yannakoulia, M., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Tzoulaki, I., Georgiou, A., N., Sakka, P., Anastasiou, C. A., Stefanis, L., & Scarmeas, N. (2021b). Incidence of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly population in Greece: Results from the HELIAD study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research,  33(10), 2679–2688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01819-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, M. K., Chau, A. K. Y., Chiu, J. Y. C., Shek, J. T. L., Leung, J. P. Y., & Wong, T. C. H. (2022). Differential and subtype-specific neuroimaging abnormalities in amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 101675 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101675
   Google Scholar