224
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Issues

Know thyself: Executive functioning and sex predict self-appraisal of functional abilities in community-dwelling older adults

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1686-1709 | Received 22 Sep 2022, Accepted 06 Jan 2023, Published online: 13 Feb 2023

References

  • Ardila, A. (2005). Cultural values underlying psychometric cognitive testing. Neuropsychology Review, 15(4), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-005-9180-y
  • Ardila, A. (2007). Normal aging increases cognitive heterogeneity: Analysis of dispersion in WAIS-III scores across age. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(8), 1003–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.004
  • Ariel, R., Lembeck, N. A., Moffat, S., & Hertzog, C. (2018). Are there sex differences in confidence and metacognitive monitoring accuracy for everyday, academic, and psychometrically measured spatial ability? Intelligence, 70, 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2018.08.001
  • Basso, M. R., Bornstein, R. A., Roper, B. L., & McCoy, V. L. (2000). Limited accuracy of premorbid intelligence estimators: A demonstration of regression to the mean. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14(3), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1076/1385-4046(200008)14:3;1-P;FT325
  • Beratis, I. N., Rabavilas, A. D., Kyprianou, M., Papadimitriou, G. N., & Papageorgiou, C. (2013). Investigation of the link between higher order cognitive functions and handedness. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(4), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2013.778231
  • Bickel, H., & Kurz, A. (2009). Education, occupation, and dementia: The Bavarian School Sisters Study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27(6), 548–556. https://doi.org/10.1159/000227781
  • Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R. C., Denissen, J. J. A., Rentfrow, P. J., Gebauer, J. E., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2016). Age and gender differences in self-esteem—A cross-cultural window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 396–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000078
  • Borella, E., Cantarella, A., Joly, E., Ghisletta, P., Carbone, E., Coraluppi, D., Piras, F., & De Beni, R. (2017). Performance-based everyday functional competence measures across the adult lifespan: The role of cognitive abilities. International Psychogeriatrics, 29(12), 2059–2069. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217000680
  • Brothers, S. L., & Suchy, Y. (2021). Daily assessment of executive functioning and expressive suppression predict daily functioning among community-dwelling older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 28(9), 974–983. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617721001156
  • Burton, C. L., Strauss, E., Hultsch, D. F., & Hunter, M. A. (2006). Cognitive functioning and everyday problem solving in older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20(3), 432–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040590967063
  • Byers, A. L., Yaffe, K., Covinsky, K. E., Friedman, M. B., & Bruce, M. L. (2010). High occurrence of mood and anxiety disorders among older adults: The national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(5), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.35
  • Chapman, S., Colvin, L. E., & Cosentino, S. (2020). Translational aspects of the multidisciplinary study of metacognition. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 6(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000224
  • Corcoran, K., & Mussweiler, T. (2010). The cognitive miser’s perspective: Social comparison as a heuristic in self-judgements. European Review of Social Psychology, 21(1), 78–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2010.508674
  • Cosentino, S., Metcalfe, J., Cary, M. S., De Leon, J., & Karlawish, J. (2011). Memory awareness influences everyday decision making capacity about medication management in Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2011, 483897–483899. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/483897
  • Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 448–474. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.448
  • DeGrauw, X., Annest, J. L., Stevens, J. A., Xu, L., & Coronado, V. (2016). Unintentional injuries treated in hospital emergency departments among persons aged 65 years and older, United States, 2006–2011. Journal of Safety Research, 56, 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2015.11.002
  • Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: Examiner’s manual. The Psychological Corporation.
  • Devolder, P. A., & Pressley, M. (1992). Causal attributions and strategy use in relation to memory performance differences in younger and older adults. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6(7), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350060706
  • Dunning, D. (2011). The Dunning–Kruger effect. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 44, pp. 247–296). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6
  • Dziak, J. J., Dierker, L. C., & Abar, B. (2020). The interpretation of statistical power after the data have been gathered. Current Psychology, 39(3), 870–877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0018-1
  • Fazeli, P. L., Casaletto, K. B., Woods, S. P., Umlauf, A., Scott, J. C., & Moore, D. J., HNRP Group. (2017). Everyday multitasking abilities in older HIV + adults: Neurobehavioral correlates and the mediating role of metacognition. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(8), 917–928. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx047
  • Feld, J., Sauermann, J., & de Grip, A. (2017). Estimating the relationship between skill and overconfidence. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 68, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2017.03.002
  • Fernández-Castro, V., & Martínez-Manrique, F. (2021). Shaping your own mind: The self-mindshaping view on metacognition. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 20(1), 139–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-020-09658-2
  • Fernandez-Duque, D., Baird, J. A., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Executive attention and metacognitive regulation. Consciousness and Cognition, 9(2 Pt 1), 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.2000.0447
  • Franchow, E. I., & Suchy, Y. (2015). Naturally-occurring expressive suppression in daily life depletes executive functioning. Emotion (Washington, DC), 15(1), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000013
  • Franchow, E. I., & Suchy, Y. (2017). Expressive suppression depletes executive functioning in older adulthood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 23(4), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617717000054
  • Freund, P. A., & Kasten, N. (2012). How smart do you think you are? A meta-analysis on the validity of self-estimates of cognitive ability. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 296–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026556
  • Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019). Evaluating effect size in psychological research: Sense and nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919847202
  • Graf, C. (2008). The Lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale. The American Journal of Nursing, 108(4), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000314810.46029.74
  • Gregory, T., Callaghan, A., Nettelbeck, T., & Wilson, C. (2009). Inspection time predicts individual differences in everyday functioning among elderly adults: Testing discriminant validity. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 28(2), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2009.00366.x
  • Grigsby, J., Kaye, K., Baxter, J., Shetterly, S. M., & Hamman, R. F. (1998). Executive cognitive abilities and functional status among community-dwelling older persons in the San Luis Valley Health and Aging Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46(5), 590–596. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01075.x
  • Gunstad, J., Spitznagel, M. B., Luyster, F., Cohen, R. A., & Paul, R. H. (2007). Handedness and cognition across the healthy lifespan. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 117(4), 477–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450600773483
  • Hardy, S. E., Dubin, J. A., Holford, T. R., & Gill, T. M. (2005). Transitions between states of disability and independence among older persons. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(6), 575–584. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi083
  • Harrison, S. L., Sajjad, A., Bramer, W. M., Ikram, M. A., Tiemeier, H., & Stephan, B. C. M. (2015). Exploring strategies to operationalize cognitive reserve: A systematic review of reviews. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(3), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.1002759
  • Harty, S., O’Connell, R. G., Hester, R., & Robertson, I. H. (2013). Older adults have diminished awareness of errors in the laboratory and daily life. Psychology and Aging, 28(4), 1032–1041. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033567
  • Hertzog, C., & Jopp, D. S. (2010). Resilience in the face of cognitive aging. In P. S. Fry & C. L. M. Keyes (Eds.), New frontiers in resilient aging (pp. 130–161). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511763151.007
  • Hoffman, G. J., Ha, J., Alexander, N. B., Langa, K. M., Tinetti, M., & Min, L. C. (2018). Underreporting of fall injuries of older adults: Implications for wellness visit fall risk screening: Accuracy of self-reported fall injuries. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66(6), 1195–1200. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15360
  • Horn, J. L. (1985). Remodeling old models of intelligence. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence: Theories, measurements, and applications (pp. 267–300). Wiley.
  • Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57(5), 253–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023816
  • Hung, W. W., Ross, J. S., Boockvar, K. S., & Siu, A. L. (2011). Recent trends in chronic disease, impairment and disability among older adults in the United States. BMC Geriatrics, 11(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-11-47
  • Jefferson, A. L., Paul, R. H., Ozonoff, A., & Cohen, R. A. (2006). Evaluating elements of executive functioning as predictors of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(4), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2006.03.007
  • Johnson-Greene, D. (2004). Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2) by P. J. Jurica, C. L. Leitten, and S. Mattis: Psychological assessment resources, 2001. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(1), 145–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2003.07.003
  • Jurica, P., Leitten, C., & Mattis, S. (2001). Dementia Rating Scale-2: Professional manual (F. L. Lutz, Ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Kraybill, M. L., & Suchy, Y. (2011). Executive functioning, motor programming, and functional independence: Accounting for variance, people, and time. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(2), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2010.542489
  • Kuehner, C. (2017). Why is depression more common among women than among men? The Lancet. Psychiatry, 4(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30263-2
  • Lassen-Greene, C. L., Steward, K., Okonkwo, O., Porter, E., Crowe, M., Vance, D. E., Griffith, H. R., Ball, K., Marson, D. C., & Wadley, V. G. (2017). Mild cognitive impairment and changes in everyday function over time: The importance of evaluating both speed and accuracy. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 30(4), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988717711807
  • Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9(3), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179
  • Lechuga, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2011). Culture and probability judgment accuracy: The influence of holistic reasoning. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(6), 1054–1065. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111407914
  • Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Liebzeit, D., King, B., & Bratzke, L. (2018). Measurement of function in older adults transitioning from hospital to home: An integrative review. Geriatric Nursing, 39(3), 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2017.11.003
  • Liu, S. Y., & Lapane, K. L. (2009). Residential modifications and decline in physical function among community-dwelling older adults. The Gerontologist, 49(3), 344–354. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp033
  • Lundeberg, M. A., Fox, P. W., & Punćcohaŕ, J. (1994). Highly confident but wrong: Gender differences and similarities in confidence judgments. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(1), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.114
  • Lundeberg, M. A., & Mohan, L. (2009). Context matters: Gender and cross-cultural differences in confidence. In D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Handbook of metacognition in education (pp. 221–239). Routledge.
  • Luppa, M., Sikorski, C., Luck, T., Ehreke, L., Konnopka, A., Wiese, B., Weyerer, S., König, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2012). Age- and gender-specific prevalence of depression in latest-life – Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.033
  • Manning, K. J., Alexopoulos, G. S., McGovern, A. R., Morimoto, S. S., Yuen, G., Kanellopoulos, T., & Gunning, F. M. (2014). Executive functioning in late-life depression. Psychiatric Annals, 44(3), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20140306-06
  • Mazancieux, A., Moulin, C. J. A., Casez, O., & Souchay, C. (2021). A multidimensional assessment of metacognition across domains in multiple sclerosis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 27(2), 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617720000776
  • McAlister, C., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2016). Everyday functioning and cognitive correlates in healthy older adults with subjective cognitive concerns. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(7), 1087–1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1190404
  • Miller, L. J., Myers, A., Prinzi, L., & Mittenberg, W. (2009). Changes in intellectual functioning associated with normal aging. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(7), 681–688. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acp072
  • Mitchell, M., & Miller, L. S. (2008). Executive functioning and observed versus self-reported measures of functional ability. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(3), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701336436
  • Mitchell, M. B., Shaughnessy, L. W., Shirk, S. D., Yang, F. M., & Atri, A. (2012). Neuropsychological test performance and cognitive reserve in healthy aging and the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum: A theoretically driven factor analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 18(6), 1071–1080. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617712000859
  • Morton, N., & Barker, L. (2010). The contribution of injury severity, executive and implicit functions to awareness of deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 16(6), 1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710000925
  • Muller, A., Sirianni, L. A., & Addante, R. J. (2021). Neural correlates of the Dunning–Kruger effect. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 53(2), 460–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14935
  • Mussweiler, T., Epstude, K., & Rüter, K. (2005). The knife that cuts both ways: Comparison processes in social perception. In M. D. Alicke, D. Dunning, & J. I. Krueger (Eds.), The self in social judgment (pp. 109–130). Psychology Press.
  • Nguyen, C. M., Copeland, C. T., Lowe, D. A., Heyanka, D. J., & Linck, J. F. (2020). Contribution of executive functioning to instrumental activities of daily living in older adults. Applied Neuropsychology. Adult, 27(4), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1550408
  • Overdorp, E. J., Kessels, R. P. C., Claassen, J. A., & Oosterman, J. M. (2016). The combined effect of neuropsychological and neuropathological deficits on instrumental activities of daily living in older adults: A systematic review. Neuropsychology Review, 26(1), 92–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-015-9312-y
  • Owsley, C., Sloane, M., McGwin, G., & Ball, K. (2002). Timed instrumental activities of daily living tasks: Relationship to cognitive function and everyday performance assessments in older adults. Gerontology, 48(4), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1159/000058360
  • Pallier, G. (2003). Gender differences in the self-assessment of accuracy on cognitive tasks. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 48(5–6), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022877405718
  • Piras, F., Piras, F., Orfei, M. D., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2016). Self-awareness in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Quantitative evidence from systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 61, 90–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.002
  • Plehn, K., Marcopulos, B. A., & McLain, C. A. (2004). The relationship between neuropsychological test performance, social functioning, and instrumental activities of daily living in a sample of rural older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18(1), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040490507190
  • Puente, A. N., Lindbergh, C. A., & Miller, L. S. (2015). The relationship between cognitive reserve and functional ability is mediated by executive functioning in older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2015.1005676
  • Rachmatullah, A., & Ha, M. (2019). Examining high-school students’ overconfidence bias in biology exam: A focus on the effects of country and gender. International Journal of Science Education, 41(5), 652–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2019.1578002
  • Reilly, D., Neumann, D. L., & Andrews, G. (2022). Gender differences in self-estimated intelligence: Exploring the male hubris, female humility problem. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 812483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812483
  • Rike, P.-O., Johansen, H. J., Ulleberg, P., Lundqvist, A., & Schanke, A.-K. (2015). Exploring associations between self-reported executive functions, impulsive personality traits, driving self-efficacy, and functional abilities in driver behaviour after brain injury. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 29, 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.01.004
  • Ring, P., Neyse, L., David-Barett, T., & Schmidt, U. (2016). Gender differences in performance predictions: Evidence from the Cognitive Reflection Test. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1680. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01680
  • Roebers, C. M., & Feurer, E. (2016). Linking executive functions and procedural metacognition. Child Development Perspectives, 10(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12159
  • Rothlind, J., Kraybill, M., & Dukarm, P. (2019). Comparing self to peers in percentile equivalents during cognitive testing: More accurate self-appraisal estimates are associated with greater ability and less reliance on the representativeness heuristic. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 34(5), 690–699. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy077
  • Ryan, J. J., Sattler, J. M., & Lopez, S. J. (2000). Age effects on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III subtests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(4), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(99)00019-0
  • Salthouse, T. A. (2009). Decomposing age correlations on neuropsychological and cognitive variables. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 15(5), 650–661. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709990385
  • Sánchez, J. L., Torrellas, C., Martín, J., & Barrera, I. (2011). Study of sociodemographic variables linked to lifestyle and their possible influence on cognitive reserve. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(8), 874–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.567976
  • Scarmeas, N., & Stern, Y. (2003). Cognitive reserve and lifestyle. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(5), 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576
  • Scherling, C. S., Wilkins, S. E., Zakrezewski, J., Kramer, J. H., Miller, B. L., Weiner, M. W., & Rosen, H. J. (2016). Decreased self-appraisal accuracy on cognitive tests of executive functioning is a predictor of decline in mild cognitive impairment. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 8, 120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00120
  • Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., Parsey, C., & Cook, D. J. (2011). Cognitive correlates of functional performance in older adults: Comparison of self-report, direct observation, and performance-based measures. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 17(5), 853–864. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000865
  • Shaked, D., Sunderaraman, P., Piscitello, J., Cines, S., Hale, C., Devanand, D., Karlawish, J., & Cosentino, S. (2019). Modification of everyday activities and its association with self-awareness in cognitively diverse older adults. PLoS One, 14(11), e0222769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222769
  • Siedlecki, K. L., Stern, Y., Reuben, A., Sacco, R. L., Elkind, M. S. V., & Wright, C. B. (2009). Construct validity of cognitive reserve in a multiethnic cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(4), 558–569. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709090857
  • Simon, V., De Hert, M., Wampers, M., Peuskens, J., & van Winkel, R. (2009). The relation between neurocognitive dysfunction and impaired insight in patients with schizophrenia. European Psychiatry, 24(4), 239–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.10.004
  • Smith, C. A., Henderson, V. W., McCleary, C. A., Murdock, G. A., & Buckwalter, J. G. (2000). Anosognosia and Alzheimer’s disease: The role of depressive symptoms in mediating impaired insight. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22(4), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1076/1380-3395(2000xfDS08)22:4;1-0;FT437
  • Snyder, H. R. (2013). Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: A meta-analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 81–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028727
  • Spitznagel, M. B., Tremont, G., Brown, L. B., & Gunstad, J. (2006). Cognitive reserve and the relationship between depressive symptoms and awareness of deficits in dementia. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 18(2), 186–190. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2006.18.2.186
  • Stankov, L., & Lee, J. (2014). Overconfidence across world regions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(5), 821–837. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114527345
  • Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 8(3), 448–460. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617702813248
  • Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2015–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
  • Steward, K. A., Bull, T. P., Kennedy, R., Crowe, M., & Wadley, V. G. (2020). Neuropsychological correlates of anosognosia for objective functional difficulties in older adults on the mild cognitive impairment spectrum. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 35(4), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz065
  • Steward, K. A., Kennedy, R., Erus, G., Nasrallah, I. M., & Wadley, V. G. (2019). Poor awareness of IADL deficits is associated with reduced regional brain volume in older adults with cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 129, 372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.04.023
  • Storek, J., & Furnham, A. (2016). Hubris and humility effect and the domain-masculine intelligence type in two countries: Colombia and the UK. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, E82. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.90
  • Stuss, D. T., & Knight, R. T. (Eds.). (2002). Principles of frontal lobe function. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.001.0001
  • Suchy, Y. (2009). Executive functioning: Overview, assessment, and research issues for non-neuropsychologists. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9097-4
  • Suchy, Y. (2015). Executive functioning: A comprehensive guide for clinical practice. Oxford University Press.
  • Suchy, Y., & Brothers, S. (2022). Reliability and validity of composite scores from the timed subtests of the D-KEFS battery. Psychological Assessment, 34(5), 483–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001081
  • Suchy, Y., Kraybill, M. L., & Franchow, E. (2011). Instrumental activities of daily living among community-dwelling older adults: Discrepancies between self-report and performance are mediated by cognitive reserve. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.493148
  • Suchy, Y., Niermeyer, M. A., Franchow, E. I., & Ziemnik, R. E. (2019). Naturally occurring expressive suppression is associated with lapses in instrumental activities of daily living among community-dwelling older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 25(7), 718–728. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617719000328
  • Suchy, Y., Williams, P. G., Kraybill, M. L., Franchow, E., & Butner, J. (2010). Instrumental activities of daily living among community-dwelling older adults: Personality associations with self-report, performance, and awareness of functional difficulties. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65B((5), 542–550. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq037
  • Szymanowicz, A., & Furnham, A. (2013). Gender and gender role differences in self- and other-estimates of multiple intelligences. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153(4), 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2012.754397
  • Toglia, J. (2011). The dynamic interactional model of cognition in cognitive rehabilitation. In N. Katz (Ed.), Cognition, occupation, and participation across the life span: Neuroscience, neurorehabilitation, and models of intervention in occupational therapy (3rd ed., pp. 161–201). AOTA Press: American Occupational Therapy Association.
  • Toglia, J., & Kirk, U. (2000). Understanding awareness deficits following brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 15(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-2000-15104
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). Demographic turning points for the United States: Population projections for 2020 to 2060 (Report No. P25-1144). https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p25-1144.pdf
  • Wadley, V. G., Okonkwo, O., Crowe, M., & Ross-Meadows, L. A. (2008). Mild cognitive impairment and everyday function: Evidence of reduced speed in performing instrumental activities of daily living. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(5), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000310780.04465.13
  • Weakley, A., Weakley, A. T., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2019). Compensatory strategy use improves real-world functional performance in community dwelling older adults. Neuropsychology, 33(8), 1121–1135. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000591
  • Wechsler & Psychological Corporation. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: WAIS-IV; Technical and interpretive manual (4th ed.). Pearson.
  • Wechsler & Psychological Corporation. (1997). WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Psychological Corp.
  • Wilson, B. D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2021). Nonbinary LGBTQ adults in the United States (Report). UCLA School of Law Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Nonbinary-LGBTQ-Adults-Jun-2021.pdf
  • Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
  • Ziemnik, R. E., & Suchy, Y. (2019). Ecological validity of performance-based measures of executive functions: Is face validity necessary for prediction of daily functioning? Psychological Assessment, 31(11), 1307–1318. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000751
  • Zunzunegui, M. V., Nunez, O., Durban, M., de Yébenes, M.-J G., & Otero, Á. (2006). Decreasing prevalence of disability in activities of daily living, functional limitations and poor self-rated health: A 6-year follow-up study in Spain. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 18(5), 352–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324830

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.