Retracing evacuation strategy: A virtual reality game-based investigation into the influence of building’s spatial configuration in an emergency

References

• Bailenson, J. N., Shum, M. S., & Uttal, D. H. (2000). The initial segment strategy: A heuristic for route selection. Memory & Cognition, 28(2), 306–318. doi:10.3758/bf03213808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedikt, M. L. (1979). To take hold of space: Isovists and isovist fields. Environment and Planning. B, Planning & Design, 6(1), 47–65. doi:10.1068/b060047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedikt, M. L., & McElhinney, S. (2019). Isovists and the metrics of architectural space. Conference: ACSA 2019: BLACK BOX: Articulating Architecture’s Core in the Post-Digital EraAt March 27-30, 2019. Pittsburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, L., Lin, J., & Li, N. (2019). A virtual reality based study of indoor fire evacuation after active or passive spatial exploration. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 37–45. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornwell, B. (2003). Bonded fatalities: Relational and ecological dimensions of a fire evacuation. The Sociological Quarterly, 44(4), 617–638. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2003.tb00528.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. C. (2003). The secret is to follow your nose. Environment and Behavior, 35(1), 107–131. doi:10.1177/0013916502238867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cock, L., Ooms, K., Van De Weghe, N., Vanhaeren, N., Pauwels, P., & De Maeyer, P. (2020). Identifying what constitutes complexity perception of decision points during indoor route guidance. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 1–19. doi:10.1080/13658816.2020.1719109
   Google Scholar
• Dosen, A. S., & Ostwald, M. J. (2016). Lived space and geometric space: Comparing people’s perceptions of spatial enclosure and exposure with metric room properties and isovist measures. Architectural Science Review, 60(1), 62–77. doi:10.1080/00038628.2016.1235545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckham, M., & Kulik, L. (2003). “Simplest” paths: Automated route selection for navigation. In International Conference on Spatial Information Theory, 169–185. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Emo, B. (2014). Seeing the axial line: Evidence from wayfinding experiments. Behavioral Sciences, 4(3), 167–180. doi:10.3390/bs4030167
   Google Scholar
• Franz, G., & Wiener, J. M. (2005). Exploring isovist-based correlates of spatial behavior and experience. In A. Van Nes (Ed.), Space Syntax 5th International Symposium (pp. 503–517). Techne Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fuad, M. (2019, December 17). XR interaction toolkit preview package is here. Unity Technologies Blog. https://blogs.unity3d.com/2019/12/17/xr-interaction-toolkit-preview-package-is-here/
   Google Scholar
• Geyer, T., Bellamy, L. J., Max-Lino, R., Harrison, P. I., Bahrami, Z., & Modha, B. (1988). An evaluation of the effectiveness of the components of informative fire warning systems. In J. D. Sime (Ed.), Safety in the built environment (pp. 36–47). E. & F.N. Spon.
   Google Scholar
• Golledge, R. G. (1995). Path selection and route preference in human navigation: A progress report. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Spatial Information Theory A Theoretical Basis for GIS, 207–222. doi:10.1007/3-540-60392-1_14
   Google Scholar
• Golledge, R. G. (1999). Wayfinding behavior: Cognitive mapping and other spatial processes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haghani, M., & Sarvi, M. (2016). Human exit choice in crowded built environments: Investigating underlying behavioural differences between normal egress and emergency evacuations. Fire Safety Journal, 85, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier, B., & Iida, S. (2005). Network and psychological effects in urban movement. Spatial Information Theory Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 475–490. doi:10.1007/11556114_30
   Google Scholar
• Hillier, B., Leaman, A., Stansall, P., & Bedford, M. (1976). Space syntax. Environment and Planning. B, Planning & Design, 3(2), 147–185. doi:10.1068/b030147
   Google Scholar
• Hölscher, C., & Brösamle, M. (2007). Capturing indoor wayfinding strategies and differences in spatial knowledge with space syntax. 6th international space syntax symposium, Istanbul.
   Google Scholar
• Hölscher, C., Meilinger, T., Vrachliotis, G., Brösamle, M., & Knuaff, M. (2005). Finding the way inside: Linking architectural design analysis and cognitive processes. In C. Freksa, M. Knauff, B. Krieg-Brüchner, B. Nebel, & T. Barkowsky (Eds.), Spatial Cognition IV – Reasoning, action, interaction (pp. 103–121). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. (2005). Lessons from the evacuation of the world trade centre, 9/11 2001 for the development of computer-based simulations. Cognition, Technology & Work, 7(4), 214–240. doi:10.1007/s10111-005-0009-5
   Google Scholar
• Juřík, V., Šafárová, K., & Šašinka, Č. (2019). Embodied cognition significance for the ecologically valid psychological research in virtual reality. In E. Maierová, L. Viktorová, M. Dolejš, & T. Dominik (Eds.), PhD existence 2019: Body and mind (pp. 374–382). Portál.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, T., & Biocca, F. (2006). Telepresence via television: Two dimensions of telepresence may have different connections to memory and persuasion. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2). doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00073.x
   Google Scholar
• Kinateder, M., Ronchi, E., Nilsson, D., Kobes, M., Müller, M., Pauli, P., & Mühlberger, A. (2014). Virtual reality for fire evacuation research. In Proceedings of the 2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, FedCSIS 2014, 313–321.doi:10.15439/2014f94
   Google Scholar
• Kurkjian, S., Ebbert, S., & Farragher, T. (2003, September 6). Behind the Rhode Island nightclub fire: Series of errors sealed crowd’s fate. The Boston Globe. http://archive.boston.com/news/packages/nightclub_fire/Series_of_errors_sealed_crowd_s_fate.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13). doi:10.18637/jss.v082.i13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R., & Klippel, A. (2014). Wayfinding behaviors in complex buildings. Environment and Behavior, 46(6), 745–767. doi:10.1177/0013916514550243
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, R., & Klippel, A. (2016). Wayfinding behaviors in complex buildings: The impact of environmental legibility and familiarity. Environment and Behavior, 48(3), 482–510. doi:10.1177/0013916514550243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis, J. M., Blascovich, J. J., & Beall, A. C. (1999). Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 31(4), 557–564. doi:10.3758/bf03200735
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maguire, E. A., Burgess, N., Donnett, J. G., Frackowiak, R. S., Frith, C. D., & O’Keefe, J. (1998). Knowing where and getting there: A human navigation network. Science, 280(5365), 921–924. doi:10.3758/bf03200735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElhinney, S. (2018). Isovist_2.2: A basic user guide. Isovist.org. https://isovists.org/user_guide/
   Google Scholar
• Meilinger, T., Frankenstein, J., & Bülthoff, H. H. (2014). When in doubt follow your nose—A wayfinding strategy. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1363. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meilinger, T., Franz, G., & Bülthoff, H. H. (2012). From isovists via mental representations to behavior: First steps toward closing the causal chain. Environment and Planning. B, Planning & Design, 39(1), 48–62. doi:10.1068/b34048t
   Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R. (2007). The contribution of space syntax to a comprehensive theory of environmental psychology. Istanbul: 6 International Space Syntax Proceedings, IV, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Nenci, A. M., & Troffa, R. (2006). Space syntax in a wayfinding task. Cognitive Processing, 7(S1), 70–71. doi:10.1007/s10339-006-0071-9
   Google Scholar
• Paradis, M. A., Nicolas, T., Gaugne, R., Barreau, J. B., Auger, R., & Gouranton, V. (2019). making virtual archeology great again (without scientific compromise). ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, XLII-2/W15, 879–886. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-879-2019
   Google Scholar
• Penn, A. (2003). Space syntax and spatial cognition: Or why the axial line? Environment and Behavior, 35(1), 30–65. doi:10.1177/0013916502238864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn, A., & Turner, A. 2002. Space syntax based agent simulation. M. Schreckenberg & S. D. Sharma eds. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, pp. 99–114. Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Proulx, G. (2001). Occupant behaviour and evacuation. In Proceedings of the 9th International Fire Protection Symposium, Munich, May 25-26, 2001, 219–232.
   Google Scholar
• Proulx, G., & Fahy, R. (1997). The time delay to start evacuation: Review of five case studies. Fire Safety Science, 5, 783–794. doi:10.3801/iafss.fss.5-783
   Google Scholar
• Proulx, G., & Sime, J. D. (1991). To prevent’ panic in an underground emergency: Why not tell people the truth? Fire Safety Science, 3, 843–852. https://doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.3-843
   Google Scholar
• Quarantelli, E. L. (2000). The sociology of panic. Disaster Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Ratti, C. (2004). Space syntax: Some inconsistencies. Environment and Planning. B, Planning & Design, 31(4), 487–499. doi:10.1068/b3019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sime, J. D. (1983). Affiliative behaviour during escape to building exits. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(1), 21–41. doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(83)80019-x
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S., & Ericson, E. (2009). Using immersive game-based virtual reality to teach fire-safety skills to children. Virtual Reality, 13(2), 87–99. doi:10.1007/s10055-009-0113-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugwitz, P., Juřík, V., Herman, L., Stachoň, Z., Kubíček, P., & Šašinka, Č. (2019). Spatial analysis of navigation in virtual geographic environments. Applied Sciences, 9(9), 1873. doi:10.3390/app9091873
   Google Scholar
• Ugwitz, P., Šašinková, A., Šašinka, Č., Stachoň, Z., & Juřík, V. (2021). Toggle toolkit: A tool for conducting experiments in unity virtual environments. Behavior Research Methods. doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01510-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiener, J. M., Büchner, S. J., & Hölscher, C. (2009). Taxonomy of human wayfinding tasks: A knowledge-based approach. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 9(2), 152–165. doi:10.1080/13875860902906496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, P. G. (1972). The behaviour of people in fires. Fire Research Notes, 953.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, H., Filippidis, L., Galea, E. R., Blackshields, D., & Lawrence, P. J. (2011). Experimental analysis of the effectiveness of emergency signage and its implementation in evacuation simulation. Fire and Materials, 36(5–6), 367–382. doi:10.1002/fam.1095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, F., Hu, M., Che, W., Lin, H., & Fang, C. (2018). Framework for virtual cognitive experiment in virtual geographic environments. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(1), 36. doi:10.3390/ijgi7010036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar