Designing mobile spatial navigation systems from the user’s perspective: an interdisciplinary review

References

• Ahmadpoor, N., & Shahab, S. (2019). Spatial knowledge acquisition in the process of navigation: A review. Current Urban Studies, 7(1), 1–19. doi:10.4236/cus.2019.71001
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadpoor, N., & Smith, A. D. (2020). Spatial knowledge acquisition and mobile maps: The role of environmental legibility. Cities, 101, 102700. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadpoor, N., Smith, A. D., & Heath, T. (2021). Rethinking legibility in the era of digital mobile maps: an empirical study. Journal of Urban Design, 26(3), 296–318. doi:10.1080/13574809.2020.1777847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmetovic, D., Gleason, C., Ruan, C., Kitani, K., Takagi, H., & Asakawa, C. (2016). NavCog: A navigational cognitive assistant for the blind. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, pp. 90–99. 10.1145/2935334.2935361
   Google Scholar
• Anacta, V. J. A., Schwering, A., Li, R., & Muenzer, S. (2017). Orientation information in wayfinding instructions: evidences from human verbal and visual instructions. GeoJournal, 82(3), 567–583. doi:10.1007/s10708-016-9703-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arleo, A., & Rondi-Reig, L. (2007). Multimodal sensory integration and concurrent navigation strategies for spatial cognition in real and artificial organisms. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 6(3), 327–366. doi:10.1142/S0219635207001593
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auvray, M., Hanneton, S., & O’Regan, J. K. (2007). Learning to perceive with a visuo-auditory substitution system: localisation and object recognition with ‘The Voice. Perception, 36(3), 416–430. doi:10.1068/p5631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaban, C. Z., Roser, F., & Hamburger, K. (2014). The effect of emotions and emotionally laden landmarks on wayfinding. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society July 23-26 Quebec City, Canada, 36 2 September 2021. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4p60r568
   Google Scholar
• Barhorst-Cates, E. M., Rand, K. M., & Creem-Regehr, S. H. (2017). Let me be your guide: physical guidance improves spatial learning for older adults with simulated low vision. Experimental Brain Research, 235(11), 3307–3317. doi:10.1007/s00221-017-5063-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basiri, A., Lohan, E. S., Moore, T., Winstanley, A., Peltola, P., Hill, C., … Silva, P. (2017). Indoor location based services challenges, requirements and usability of current solutions. Computer Science Review, 24, 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2017.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudisch, P., & Rosenholtz, R. (2003). Halo: A technique for visualizing off-screen locations. New Horizons, 5, 8.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, J. (2018). Marco Vignelli–inspired New York subway map [svg image 5 May 2020]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_subway-4D.svg
   Google Scholar
• Bienk, S., Kattenbeck, M., Ludwig, B., Müller, M., & Ohm, C. (2013). I want to view it my way: Interfaces to mobile maps should adapt to the user’s orientation skills. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, 34, pp. 1–9. 10.1145/2541831.2541841
   Google Scholar
• Brock, A. M., Froehlich, J. E., Guerreiro, J., Tannert, B., Caspi, A., Schöning, J., & Landau, S. (2018). SIG: Making maps accessible and putting accessibility in maps. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–4. 10.1145/3170427.3185373
   Google Scholar
• Brock, A., Truillet, P., Oriola, B., & Jouffrais, C. (2010). Usage of multimodal maps for blind people: Why and how. In ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces, pp. 247–248. 10.1145/1936652.1936699.
   Google Scholar
• Brock, A. M., Truillet, P., Oriola, B., Picard, D., & Jouffrais, C. (2015). Interactivity improves usability of geographic maps for visually impaired people. Human–Computer Interaction, 30(2), 156–194. doi:10.1080/07370024.2014.924412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brügger, A., Richter, K.-F., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2019). How does navigation system behavior influence human behavior? Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 4(1), 5. doi:10.1186/s41235-019-0156-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chrastil, E. R., Nicora, G. L., & Huang, A. (2019). Vision and proprioception make equal contributions to path integration in a novel homing task. Cognition, 192, 103998. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrastil, E. R., & Warren, W. H. (2013). Active and passive spatial learning in human navigation: Acquisition of survey knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(5), 1520–1537. doi:10.1037/a0032382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemenson, G. D., Maselli, A., Fiannaca, A., Miller, A., & Gonzalez-Franco, M. (2021). Rethinking GPS navigation: Creating cognitive maps through auditory clues. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 7764. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87148-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughlan, G., Laczó, J., Hort, J., Minihane, A.-M., & Hornberger, M. (2018). Spatial navigation deficits: Overlooked cognitive marker for preclinical Alzheimer disease? Nature Reviews. Neurology, 14(8), 496–506. doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0031-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Credé, S., Thrash, T., Hölscher, C., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2019). The acquisition of survey knowledge for local and global landmark configurations under time pressure. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 19(3), 190–219. doi:10.1080/13875868.2019.1569016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahmani, L., & Bohbot, V. D. (2020). Habitual use of GPS negatively impacts spatial memory during self-guided navigation. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 6310. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62877-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delikostidis, I., Engel, J., Retsios, B., Van Elzakker, C. P., Kraak, M. J., & Döllner, J. (2013). Increasing the usability of pedestrian navigation interfaces by means of landmark visibility analysis. The Journal of Navigation, 66(4), 523–537. doi:10.1017/S0373463313000209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delikostidis, I., van Elzakker, C. P. J. M., & Kraak, M.-J. (2016). Overcoming challenges in developing more usable pedestrian navigation systems. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 43(3), 189–207. doi:10.1080/15230406.2015.1031180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denis, M., Michon, P. E., & Tom, A. (2007). Assisting pedestrian wayfinding in urban settings: why references to landmarks are crucial in direction-giving. In G. L. Allen (Ed.), Applied spatial cognition: From research to cognitive technology (pp. 25–51). Hove, East Sussex, United Kingdom: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dillemuth, J. (2005). Map design evaluation for mobile display. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 32(4), 285–301.
   Google Scholar
• Dillemuth, J. A. (2009). Navigation tasks with small-display maps: the sum of the parts does not equal the whole. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 44(3), 187–200. doi:10.3138/carto.44.3.187
   Google Scholar
• Dubey, R. K., Thrash, T., Kapadia, M., Hoelscher, C., & Schinazi, V. R. (2019). Information theoretic model to simulate agent-signage interaction for wayfinding. Cognitive Computation, 13(1), 189–206. doi:10.1007/s12559-019-09689-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducasse, J., Brock, A. M., & Jouffrais, C. (2018). Accessible interactive maps for visually impaired users. In E. Pissaloux & R. Velazquez (Eds.), Mobility of visually impaired people (pp. 537–584). Springer International. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54446-5_17
   Google Scholar
• Fabrikant, S. I., Hespanha, S. R., & Hegarty, M. (2010). Cognitively inspired and perceptually salient graphic displays for efficient spatial inference making. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(1), 13–29. doi:10.1080/00045600903362378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlater, L., Chinh, B., Jain, D., Froehlich, J., Kushalnagar, R., & Lin, A. C. (2019 Deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals' preferences for wearable and mobile sound awareness technologies 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems May 5-9, 2019 Glasgow, Scotland). 22 May 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, E., Wilson, G., Vo, D. B., Ng, A., Politis, I., & Brewster, S. (2017). Multimodal feedback in HCI: Haptics, non-speech audio, and their applications. The Handbook of Multimodal-multisensor Interfaces: Foundations, User Modeling, and Common Modality Combinations, 1, 277–317. ACM Books #14.
   Google Scholar
• Frei, P., Richter, K. F., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2016 Stress supports spatial knowledge acquisition during wayfinding with mobile maps. International conference on GiScience September 2016 Montreal, Canada). . In (Vol. , pp.). 4.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, A., & Kohler, B. (2003). Bidimensional regression: Assessing the configural similarity and accuracy of cognitive maps and other two-dimensional data sets. Psychological Methods, 8(4), 68–91. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.8.4.468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich, J. E., Brock, A. M., Caspi, A., Guerreiro, J., Hara, K., Kirkham, R., … Tannert, B. (2019). Grand challenges in accessible maps. Interactions, 26(2), 78–81. doi:10.1145/3301657
   Google Scholar
• Furman, A. J., Clements-Stephens, A. M., Marchette, S. A., & Shelton, A. L. (2014). Persistent and stable biases in spatial learning mechanisms predict navigational style. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(4), 1375–1391. doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0279-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon, K. T., Thomas, B. J., Munion, A., Creem-Regehr, S. H., Cashdan, E. A., & Stefanucci, J. K. (2018). Not all those who wander are lost: Spatial exploration patterns and their relationship to gender and spatial memory. Cognition, 180, 108–117. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallay, M., Denis, M., & Auvray, M. (2013). Navigation assistance for blind pedestrians: guidelines for the design of devices and implications for spatial cognition. In T. Tenbrink, J. M. Wiener, & C. Claramunt (Eds.), Representing space in cognition (pp. 244–267). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679911.003.0011
   Google Scholar
• Gardony, A. L., Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2013). How navigational aids impair spatial memory: Evidence for divided attention. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 13(4), 319–350. doi:10.1080/13875868.2013.792821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gath-Morad, M., Aguilar, L., Dalton, R. C., & Holscher, C. (2020). cogARCH: Simulating wayfinding by architecture in multilevel buildings. In SimAUD 2020 Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design Online, 8, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Giudice, N. A., Bakdash, J. Z., & Legge, G. E. (2007). Wayfinding with words: Spatial learning and navigation using dynamically updated verbal descriptions. Psychological Research, 71(3), 347–358. doi:10.1007/s00426-006-0089-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giudice, N. A., Betty, M. R., & Loomis, J. M. (2011). Functional equivalence of spatial images from touch and vision: Evidence from spatial updating in blind and sighted individuals. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(3), 621–634. doi:10.1037/a0022331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giudice, N. A., Guenther, B. A., Jensen, N. A., & Haase, K. N. (2020). Cognitive mapping without vision: Comparing wayfinding performance after learning from digital touchscreen-based multimodal maps vs. embossed tactile overlays. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 87. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giudice, N. A., Guenther, B. A., Kaplan, T. M., Anderson, S. M., Knuesel, R. J., & Cioffi, J. F. (2020). Use of an indoor navigation system by sighted and blind travelers: Performance similarities across visual status and age. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 13(3), 1–27. doi:10.1145/3407191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giudice, N. A., & Legge, G. E. (2008). Blind navigation and the role of technology. In A. S. Helal, M. Mokhtari, & B. Abdulrazak (Eds.), The engineering handbook of smart technology for aging, disability, and Independence (pp. 479–500). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470379424.ch25
   Google Scholar
• Giudice, N. A., & Long, R. G. (in press). Establishing and maintaining orientation: tools, techniques, and technologies. In Foundations of orientation and mobility (4th ed., Vol. 1, chap. 2). New York, NY: AFB Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giudice, N. A., Whalen, W. E., Riehle, T. H., Anderson, S. M., & Doore, S. A. (2019). Evaluation of an accessible, real-time, and infrastructure-freeindoor navigation system by users who are blind in the Mall of America. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 113(2), 140–155. doi:10.1177/0145482X19840918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golledge, R. G. (1978, December). Representing, interpreting, and using cognized environments. In Papers of the regional science association (Vol. 41(1), pp. 168–204). New York, NY: Springer
   Google Scholar
• Gramann, K., Hoepner, P., & Karrer-Gauss, K. (2017). Modified navigation instructions for spatial navigation assistance systems lead to incidental spatial learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamburger, K., & Knauff, M. (2019). Odors can serve as landmarks in human wayfinding. Cognitive Science, 43(11), e12798. doi:10.1111/cogs.12798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• hard-of-hearing individuals’ preferences for wearable and mobile sound awareness technologies. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13. 10.1145/3290605.3300276.
   Google Scholar
• Harwood, K., & Wickens, C. D. (1991). Frames of reference for helicopter electronic maps: the relevance of spatial cognition and componential analysis. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 1(1), 5–23. doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0101_2
   Google Scholar
• Hegarty, M. (2013). Cognition, metacognition, and the design of maps. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 3–9. doi:10.1177/0963721412469395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegarty, M., Canham, M. S., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2010). Thinking about the weather: how display salience and knowledge affect performance in a graphic inference task. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 37–53. doi:10.1037/a0017683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegarty, M., Montello, D. R., Richardson, A. E., Ishikawa, T., & Lovelace, K. (2006). Spatial abilities at different scales: Individual differences in aptitude-test performance and spatial-layout learning. Intelligence, 34(2), 151–176. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hejtmánek, L., Oravcová, I., Motýl, J., Horáček, J., & Fajnerová, I. (2018). Spatial knowledge impairment after GPS guided navigation: Eye-tracking study in a virtual town. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 116, 15–24. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirtle, S. C., & Raubal, M. (2013). Many to many mobile maps. In M. Raubal, D. M. Mark, & A. U. Frank (Eds.), Cognitive and linguistic aspects of geographic space (pp. 141–157). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34359-9_8
   Google Scholar
• Hirtle, S., Richter, K.-F., Srinivas, S., & Firth, R. (2010). This is the tricky part: when directions become difficult. Journal of Spatial Information Science, 1, 53–73. doi:10.5311/JOSIS.2010.1.5
   Google Scholar
• Huffman, D. J., & Ekstrom, A. D. (2019). A modality-independent network underlies the retrieval of large-scale spatial environments in the human brain. Neuron, 104(3), 611–622. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, T. (2019). Satellite navigation and geospatial awareness: long-term effects of using navigation tools on wayfinding and spatial orientation. The Professional Geographer, 71(2), 197–209. doi:10.1080/00330124.2018.1479970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, T., Fujiwara, H., Imai, O., & Okabe, A. (2008). Wayfinding with a GPS-based mobile navigation system: A comparison with maps and direct experience. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(1), 74–82. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, T., & Montello, D. (2006). Spatial knowledge acquisition from direct experience in the environment: individual differences in the development of metric knowledge and the integration of separately learned places. Cognitive Psychology, 52(2), 93–129. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, T., & Takahashi, K. (2014). Relationships between methods for presenting information on navigation tools and users’ wayfinding behavior. Cartographic Perspectives, 75(75), 17–28. doi:10.14714/CP75.82
   Google Scholar
• Iwarsson, S., & Ståhl, A. (2003). Accessibility, usability and universal design: Positioning and definition of concepts describing person-environment relationships. Disability and Rehabilitation, 25(2), 57–66. doi:10.1080/dre.25.2.57.66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, L. F., Arter, J., Cook, A., & Sulloway, F. J. (2015). Olfactory orientation and navigation in humans. PLOS ONE, 10(6), e0129387. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain, D., Ngo, H., Patel, P., Goodman, S., Findlater, L., & Froehlich, J. (2020), October. SoundWatch: exploring smartwatch-based deep learning approaches to support sound wwareness for deaf and hard of hearing users. In The 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility October 2020 Virtual Event Greece (pp. 1–13).
   Google Scholar
• Keil, J., Edler, D., Kuchinke, L., & Dickmann, F. (2020). Effects of visual map complexity on the attentional processing of landmarks. PLOS ONE, 15(3), e0229575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer, P., Giannopoulos, I., Raubal, M., & Duchowski, A. (2017). Eye tracking for spatial research: Cognition, computation, challenges. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 17(1–2), 1–19. doi:10.1080/13875868.2016.1254634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer, P., Straub, F., & Raubal, M. (2012). Location-aware mobile eye-tracking for the explanation of wayfinding behavior. In Proceedings of the AGILE’2012 International Conference on Geographic Information Science Lisbon, Portugal, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Klatzky, R. L., Giudice, N. A., Bennett, C. R., & Loomis, J. M. (2014). Touch-screen technology for the dynamic display of 2D spatial information without vision: Promise and progress. Multisensory Research, 27(5–6), 359–378. doi:10.1163/22134808-00002447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., Golledge, R. G., Cicinelli, J. G., Doherty, S., & Pellegrino, J. W. (1990). Acquisition of route and survey knowledge in the absence of vision. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22(1), 19–43. doi:10.1080/00222895.1990.10735500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klatzky, R. L., Marston, J. R., Giudice, N. A., Golledge, R. G., & Loomis, J. M. (2006). Cognitive load of navigating without vision when guided by virtual sound versus spatial language. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 12(4), 223–232. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.12.4.223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klippel, A. (2003). Wayfinding choremes: Conceptualizing wayfinding and route direction elements. Bremen, Germany: University of Bremen Dissertations.
   Google Scholar
• Klippel, A., Hansen, S., Richter, K.-F., & Winter, S. (2009). Urban granularities: A data structure for cognitively ergonomic route directions. GeoInformatica, 13(2), 223–247. doi:10.1007/s10707-008-0051-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klippel, A., Hirtle, S., & Davies, C. (2010). You-are-here maps: Creating spatial awareness through map-like representations. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 10(2–3), 83–93. doi:10.1080/13875861003770625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klippel, A., Tenbrink, T., & Montello, D. R. (2010). The role of structure and function in the conceptualization of directions. In E. van der Zee & M. Vulchanova (Eds.), Motion encoding in language and space. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661213.003.0006
   Google Scholar
• Klippel, A., & Winter, S. (2005). Structural salience of landmarks for route directions. In A. G. Cohn & D. M. Mark(Eds., Spatial information theory (Vol. 3693, pp. 347–362). Springer doi:10.1007/11556114_22
   Google Scholar
• Krieger, P., Kattenbeck, M., Ludwig, B., Helmbrecht, J., & Giannopoulos, I. (2020). Hey you! Let’s talk. Dialogue-initiatives revisited for wayfinding instructions. AGILE: GIScience Series, 1, 1–19. doi:10.5194/agile-giss-1-11-2020
   Google Scholar
• Krukar, J., Anacta, V. J., & Schwering, A. (2020). The effect of orientation instructions on the recall and reuse of route and survey elements in wayfinding descriptions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 68, 101407. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krukar, J., Mavros, P., & Hoelscher, C. (2020). Towards capturing focal/ambient attention during dynamic wayfinding. In ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, 22, 1–5. 10.1145/3379157.3391417
   Google Scholar
• Lawton, C. A. (1994). Gender differences in way-finding strategies: Relationship to spatial ability and spatial anxiety. Sex Roles, 30(11–12), 765–779. doi:10.1007/BF01544230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R. (2019). Spatial learning in smart applications: Enhancing spatial awareness through visualized off-screen landmarks on mobile devices. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 110(2), 421–433. doi:10.1080/24694452.2019.1670611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., Corey, R. R., Giudice, U., & Giudice, N. A. (2016). Assessment of visualization interfaces for assisting the development of multi-level cognitive maps. In D. D. Schmorrow & M. C. Fidopiastis (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Foundations of Augmented Cognition July 2016 Toronto, Canada (pp. 308–321). Springer International.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, H., Dong, W., Peng, C., & Liu, H. (2017). Exploring differences of visual attention in pedestrian navigation when using 2D maps and 3D geo-browsers. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 44(6), 474–490. doi:10.1080/15230406.2016.1174886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis, J. M., Golledge, R. D., & Klatzky, R. L. (2001). GPS-based navigation systems for the visually impaired. In W. Barfield & T. Caudell (Eds.), Fundamentals of wearable computers and augmented reality (pp. 429–446). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Loomis, J. M., Klatzky, R. L., & Giudice, N. A. (2013). Representing 3D space in working memory: Spatial images from vision, hearing, touch, and language. In S. Lacey & R. Lawson (Eds.), Multisensory imagery (pp. 131–155). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_8
   Google Scholar
• Loomis, J. M., Klatzky, R. L., Giudice, N. A., Manduchi, R., & Kurniawan, S. (2012). Sensory substitution of vision: Importance of perceptual and cognitive processing. In R. Manduchi & S. Kurniawan (Eds.), Assistive technology for blindness and low vision (pp. 162–191). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loomis, J. M., Klatzky, R. L., Golledge, R. G., Pellegrino, J. W., Fry, P. A., & Fry, P. A. (1993). Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 122(1), 73–91. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.1.73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löwen, H., Krukar, J., & Schwering, A. (2019). Spatial learning with orientation maps: The influence of different environmental features on spatial knowledge acquisition. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(3), 149. doi:10.3390/ijgi8030149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maidenbaum, S., Patel, A., Gedankien, T., & Jacobs, J. (2020). The effect of navigational aids on spatial memory in virtual reality. In 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops, pp. 645–646. 10.1109/VRW50115.2020.00173
   Google Scholar
• Marchette, S. A., Bakker, A., & Shelton, A. L. (2011). Cognitive mappers to creatures of habit: Differential engagement of place and response learning mechanisms predict human navigational behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(43), 15264–15268. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3634-11.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marston, J. R., Loomis, J. M., Klatzky, R. L., Golledge, R. G., & Smith, E. L. (2006). Evaluation of spatial displays for navigation without sight. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 3(2), 110–124. doi:10.1145/1141897.1141900
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie, G., Hegarty, M., Barrett, T., & Goodchild, M. (2016). Assessing the effectiveness of different visualizations for judgments of positional uncertainty. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 30(2), 221–239. doi:10.1080/13658816.2015.1082566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneghetti, C., Muffato, V., Varotto, D., & De Beni, R. (2017). How directions of route descriptions influence orientation specificity: The contribution of spatial abilities. Psychological Research, 81(2), 445–461. doi:10.1007/s00426-016-0754-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michon, P.-E., & Denis, M. (2001). When and why are visual landmarks used in giving directions? In D. R. Montello(Ed., Spatial information theory (Vol. 2205, pp. 292–305). Springer doi:10.1007/3-540-45424-1_20
   Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R. (1998). A New Framework for Understanding the Acquisition. Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems, 143.
   Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R. (2002). Cognitive map-design research in the twentieth century: Theoretical and empirical approaches. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 29(3), 283–304. doi:10.1559/152304002782008503
   Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R. (2005). Navigation. In P. Shah & A. Miyake (Eds.), The cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking (pp. 257–294). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610448.008
   Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R. (2010). You are where? The function and frustration of you-are-here (YAH) maps. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 10(2–3), 94–104. doi:10.1080/13875860903585323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R., Fabrikant, S. I., & Davies, C. (2018). Cognitive perspectives on cartography and other geographic information visualizations. In D. R. Montello (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral and cognitive geography (pp. 177–196). Northampton, MA: Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Mou, W., McNamara, T. P., Valiquette, C. M., & Rump, B. (2004). Allocentric and egocentric updating of spatial memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(1), 142–157. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munion, A. K., Stefanucci, J. K., Rovira, E., Squire, P., & Hendricks, M. (2019). Gender differences in spatial navigation: Characterizing wayfinding behaviors. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(6), 1933–1940. doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01659-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münzer, S., Lörch, L., & Frankenstein, J. (2019). Wayfinding and acquisition of spatial knowledge with navigation assistance. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 26(1), 73–88. doi:10.1037/xap0000237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardi, D., Newcombe, N. S., & Shipley, T. F. (2013). Reorienting with terrain slope and landmarks. Memory & Cognition, 41(2), 214–228. doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0254-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardi, D., Twyman, A. D., Holden, M. P., & Clark, J. M. (2020). Tuning in: Can humans use auditory cues for spatial reorientation? Spatial Cognition and Computation, 20(2), 83–103. doi:10.1080/13875868.2019.1702665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsom, J. T. (2015). Longitudinal structural equation modeling: A comprehensive introduction. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nothegger, C., Winter, S., & Raubal, M. (2004). Selection of salient features for route directions. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 4(2), 113–136. doi:10.1207/s15427633scc0402_1
   Google Scholar
• Ohm, C., Bienk, S., Kattenbeck, M., Ludwig, B., & Müller, M. (2016). Towards interfaces of mobile pedestrian navigation systems adapted to the user’s orientation skills. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 26, 121–134. doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2015.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palani, H. P., Giudice, U., & Giudice, N. A. (2016). Evaluation of non-visual zooming operations on touchscreen devices. In M. Antona & C. Stephanidis (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction July 2016 Toronto, Canada (pp. 162–174): Springer International.
   Google Scholar
• Parush, A., Ahuvia, S., & Erev, I. (2007). Degradation in spatial knowledge acquisition when using automatic navigation systems. In International Conference on Spatial Information Theory Melbourne, Australia (pp. 238–254). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pazzaglia, F., & De Beni, R. (2001). Strategies of processing spatial information in survey and landmark-centred individuals. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13(4), 493–508. doi:10.1080/09541440125778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presson, C. C. (1980). Spatial egocentrism and the effect of an alternate frame of reference. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 29(3), 391–402. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(80)90102-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prewett, M. S., Elliott, L. R., Walvoord, A. G., & Coovert, M. D. (2011). A meta-analysis of vibrotactile and visual information displays for improving task performance. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), 42(1), 123–132. doi:10.1109/TSMCC.2010.2103057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prewett, M. S., Yang, L., Stilson, F. R., Gray, A. A., Coovert, M. D., Burke, J., & Elliot, L. R. (2006). The benefits of multimodal information: A meta-analysis comparing visual and visual-tactile feedback. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Multimodal interfaces November 2006 Banff Alberta, Canada (pp. 333–338).
   Google Scholar
• Ranasinghe, C., Heitmann, S., Hamzin, A., Pfeiffer, M., & Kray, C. (2018). Pedestrian navigation and GPS deteriorations: User behavior and adaptation strategies. In Proceedings of the 30th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, pp. 266–277. 10.1145/3292147.3292154
   Google Scholar
• Ranasinghe, C., & Kray, C. (2018). Location information quality: A review. Sensors, 18(11), 3999. doi:10.3390/s18113999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranasinghe, C., Krukar, J., & Kray, C. (2018). Visualizing location uncertainty on mobile devices: Cross-cultural differences in perceptions and preferences. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 2(1), 1–22. doi:10.1145/3191762
   Google Scholar
• Rand, K. M., Barhorst-Cates, E. M., Kiris, E., Thompson, W. B., & Creem-Regehr, S. H. (2019). Going the distance and beyond: Simulated low vision increases perception of distance traveled during locomotion. Psychological Research, 83(7), 1349–1362. doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1019-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand, K. M., Creem-Regehr, S. H., & Thompson, W. B. (2015). Spatial learning while navigating with severely degraded viewing: The role of attention and mobility monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 41(3), 649–664. doi:10.1037/xhp0000040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastogi, R., Pawluk, D. T. V., & Ketchum, J. (2013). Intuitive tactile zooming for graphics accessed by individuals who are blind and visually impaired. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 101(9), 2081–2092.
   Google Scholar
• Raubal, M. (2009). Cognitive engineering for Geographic Information Science. Geography Compass, 3(3), 1087–1104. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00224.x
   Google Scholar
• Research Center, P. (2019). Mobile fact sheet [Data file and code book 15 January 2020]. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, A. E., Montello, D. R., & Hegarty, M. (1999). Spatial knowledge acquisition from maps and from navigation in real and virtual environments. Memory & Cognition, 27(4), 741–750. doi:10.3758/BF03211566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, K.-F. (2007). A uniform handling of different landmark types in route directions. In S. Winter, M. Duckham, L. Kulik, & B. Kuipers(Eds., Spatial information theory (Vol. 4736, pp. 373–389). Springer doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74788-8_23
   Google Scholar
• Richter, K.-F., Tomko, M., & Coltekin, A. (2015). Are we there yet? Spatial cognitive engineering for situated human-computer interaction (pp. 8). Zurich, Switzerland: ZORA, University of Zurich Open Access Repository.
   Google Scholar
• Richter, K. F., & Winter, S. (2014). Landmarks. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Riehle, T. H., Anderson, S. M., Lichter, P. A., Whalen, W. E., & Giudice, N. A. (2013). Indoor inertial waypoint navigation for the blind. In 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 5187–5190. 10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610717
   Google Scholar
• Rosenholtz, R. (2016). Capabilities and limitations of peripheral vision. Annual Review of Vision Science, 2(1), 437–457. doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035733
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenholtz, R. (2020). Demystifying visual awareness: Peripheral encoding plus limited decision complexity resolve the paradox of rich visual experience and curious perceptual failures. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 82(3), 901–925. doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01968-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenholtz, R., Li, Y., & Nakano, L. (2007). Measuring visual clutter. Journal of Vision, 7(2), 17. doi:10.1167/7.2.17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenholtz, R., & Yu, D. (2019). Modern vision science for designers: Making designs clear at a glance. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 10.1145/3290607.3298815
   Google Scholar
• Roth, R. E. (2018). What is mobile first cartographic design? In Proceedings of The International Cartographic Association Workshop on Mobile Map User Experience Design. Tokyo, Japan
   Google Scholar
• Ruginski, I. T., Creem-Regehr, S. H., Stefanucci, J. K., & Cashdan, E. (2019). GPS use negatively affects environmental learning through spatial transformation abilities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 64, 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruginski, I. T., Stefanucci, J. K., & Creem-Regehr, S. H. (2018). State anxiety influences sex differences in spatial learning. In S. Creem-Regehr, J. Schöning, & A. Klippel(Eds., Spatial cognition XI (Vol. 11034, pp. 244–257). Springer International doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96385-3_17
   Google Scholar
• Schinazi, V. R., Thrash, T., & Chebat, D.-R. (2016). Spatial navigation by congenitally blind individuals: Spatial navigation by congenitally blind individuals. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science, 7(1), 37–58. doi:10.1002/wcs.1375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder, C. J., Mackaness, W. A., & Gittings, B. M. (2011). Giving the ‘right’ route directions: The requirements for pedestrian navigation systems. Transactions in GIS, 15(3), 419–438. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9671.2011.01266.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwering, A., Krukar, J., Li, R., Anacta, V. J., & Fuest, S. (2017). Wayfinding through orientation. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 17(4), 273–303. doi:10.1080/13875868.2017.1322597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwering, A., Li, R., & Anacta, V. J. A. (2013). Orientation information in different forms of route instructions. In AGILE 2013 Proceedings Leuven, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Schwering, A., Wang, J., Chipofya, M., Jan, S., Li, R., & Broelemann, K. (2014). SketchMapia: Qualitative representations for the alignment of sketch and metric maps. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 14(3), 220–254. doi:10.1080/13875868.2014.917378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton, A. L., Marchette, S. A., & Furman, A. J. (2013). A mechanistic approach to individual differences in spatial learning, memory, and navigation. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 59, 223–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton, A. L., & McNamara, T. P. (1997). Multiple views of spatial memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4(1), 102–106. doi:10.3758/BF03210780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowdon, C., & Kray, C. (2009). Exploring the use of landmarks for mobile navigation support in natural environments. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Bonn, Germany, pp. 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. A., & Carlson, R. A. (2019). Is simpler always better? Effects of perceptual detail and viewpoint on spatial cognition and metacognition. The American Journal of Psychology, 132(3), 293–302. doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.3.0293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Story, M. F. (1998). Maximizing usability: The principles of universal design. Assistive Technology, 10(1), 4–12. doi:10.1080/10400435.1998.10131955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannert, B., & Schöning, J. (2018). Disabled, but at what cost? An examination of wheelchair routing algorithms. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, pp. 1–7. 10.1145/3229434.3229458
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, H. A., Brunyé, T. T., & Taylor, S. T. (2008). Spatial mental representation: Implications for navigation system design. Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 4(1), 1–40. doi:10.1518/155723408X342835
   Google Scholar
• Tenbrink, T. (2018). Natural language and geography: the meaning and use of spatial concepts in geographical contexts. In Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Geography. Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Tenbrink, T., & Winter, S. (2009). Variable granularity in route directions. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 9(1), 64–93. doi:10.1080/13875860902718172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrash, T., Lanini-Maggi, S., Fabrikant, S. I., Bertel, S., Brügger, A., Credé, S., … Richter, K.-F. (2019). The future of geographic information displays from GIScience, cartographic, and cognitive science perspectives. LIPIcs, 142, COSIT’19. doi:10.4230/lipics.cosit.2019.19
   Google Scholar
• Tomko, M., & Richter, K.-F. (2015). Defensive wayfinding: Incongruent information in route following. In S. I. Fabrikant, M. Raubal, M. Bertolotto, C. Davies, S. Freundschuh, & S. Bell(Eds., Spatial information theory (Vol. 9368, pp. 426–446). Springer International doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23374-1_20
   Google Scholar
• Unrau, R., & Kray, C. (2019). Usability evaluation for geographic information systems: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 33(4), 645–665. doi:10.1080/13658816.2018.1554813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitense, H. S., Jacko, J. A., & Emery, V. K. (2003). Multimodal feedback: An assessment of performance and mental workload. Ergonomics, 46(1–3), 68–87. doi:10.1080/00140130303534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Chen, Y., Zheng, S., Yuan, Y., & Wang, S. (2020). Research on generating an indoor landmark salience model for self-location and spatial orientation from eye-tracking data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(2), 97. doi:10.3390/ijgi9020097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, W. H., Rothman, D. B., Schnapp, B. H., & Ericson, J. D. (2017). Wormholes in virtual space: From cognitive maps to cognitive graphs. Cognition, 166, 152–163. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg, S. M., Badgio, D., & Chatterjee, A. (2018). Feel the way with a vibrotactile compass: Does a navigational aid aid navigation? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(5), 667–679. doi:10.1037/xlm0000472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg, S. M., & Newcombe, N. S. (2018). Cognitive maps: Some people make them, some people struggle. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(4), 220–226. doi:10.1177/0963721417744521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg, S. M., Schinazi, V. R., Newcombe, N. S., Shipley, T. F., & Epstein, R. A. (2014). Variations in cognitive maps: Understanding individual differences in navigation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(3), 669–682. doi:10.1037/a0035261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissensteiner, E., & Winter, S. (2004). Landmarks in the communication of route directions. In M. J. Egenhofer, C. Freksa, & H. J. Miller(Eds., Geographic information science (Vol. 3234, pp. 313–326). Springer doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30231-5_21
   Google Scholar
• Wiener, J. M., & Pazzaglia, F. (2021). Ageing-and dementia-friendly design: theory and evidence from cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and environmental psychology can contribute to design guidelines that minimise spatial disorientation. Cognitive processing, 22(4), 715–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener, J. M., Tenbrink, T., Henschel, J., & H ̈olscher, C. (2008). Situated and prospective path planning: Route choice in an urban environment. In CogSci 2008: 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkening, J., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2011). How do decision time and realism affect map-based decision making? In M. Egenhofer, N. Giudice, R. Moratz, & M. Worboys(Eds., Spatial information theory (Vol. 6899, pp. 1–19). Springer doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23196-4_1
   Google Scholar
• Willis, K. S., Hölscher, C., Wilbertz, G., & Li, C. (2009). A comparison of spatial knowledge acquisition with maps and mobile maps. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 33(2), 100–110. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2009.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolbers, T., Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., Wutte, M. G., & Giudice, N. A. (2011). Modality-independent coding of spatial layout in the human brain. Current Biology, 21(11), 984–989. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wunderlich, A., & Gramann, K. (2019). Overcoming spatial deskilling using landmark-based navigation assistance systems. Preprint. doi:10.1101/789529
   Google Scholar