Vasorelaxant properties of Vernonia amygdalina ethanol extract and its possible mechanism

References

• Agbogidi O, Akpomorine M. 2013. Health and nutritional benefits of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del). Int J Basic Appl Med Sci. 2:164–170.
   Google Scholar
• Ameer OZ, Salman IM, Siddiqui MJA, Yam MF, Sriramaneni RN, Mohamed AJ, Sadikun A, Ismail Z, Shah AM, Asmawi MZ. 2010. Pharmacological mechanisms underlying the vascular activities of Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb. in rat thoracic aorta. J Ethnopharmacol. 127:19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atangwho IJ, Ebong PE, Eyong EU, Asmawi MZ, Ahmad M. 2012. Synergistic antidiabetic activity of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica: biochemical effects and possible mechanism. J Ethnopharmacol. 141:878–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atangwho IJ, Edet EE, Uti DE, Obi AU, Asmawi MZ, Ahmad M. 2012. Biochemical and histological impact of Vernonia amygdalina supplemented diet in obese rats. Saudi J Biol Sci. 19:385–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atangwho IJ, Egbung GE, Ahmad M, Yam MF, Asmawi MZ. 2013. Antioxidant versus anti-diabetic properties of leaves from Vernonia amygdalina Del. growing in Malaysia. Food Chem. 141:3428–3434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buch JG. 2010. Clinically oriented pharmacology. Rajkot, India: PDU Medical College.
   Google Scholar
• Ch’ng YS, Tan CS, Loh YC, Ahmad M, Asmawi MZ, Yam MF. 2016. Vasorelaxation study and tri-step infrared spectroscopy analysis of Malaysian local herbs. J Pharmacopunct. 19:145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damiani CEN, Rossoni LV, Vassallo DV. 2003. Vasorelaxant effects of eugenol on rat thoracic aorta. Vascul Pharmacol. 40:59–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannhardt G, Kiefer W. 2001. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors-current status and future prospects. Eur J Med Chem. 36:109–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feletou M, Vanhoutte P. 2005. EDHF: the complete story. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jakala P, Pere E, Lehtinen R, Turpeinen A, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. 2009. Cardiovascular activity of milk casein-derived tripeptides and plant sterols in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Physiol Pharmacol. 60:11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin SN, Wen JF, Li X, Kang DG, Lee HS, Cho KW. 2011. The mechanism of vasorelaxation induced by ethanol extract of Sophora flavescens in rat aorta. J Ethnopharmacol. 137:547–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D, Jin Z, Zhou Q, Chen J, Lei Y, Sun S. 2010. Discrimination of five species of Fritillaria and its extracts by FT-IR and 2D-IR. J Mol Struct. 974:68–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JR, Sun SQ, Wang XX, Xu CH, Chen JB, Zhou Q, Lu GH. 2014. Differentiation of five species of Danggui raw materials by FTIR combined with 2D-COS IR. J Mol Struct. 1069:229–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh YC, Tan CS, Ch’ng YS, Ahmad M, Asmawi MZ, Yam MF. 2017. Vasodilatory effects of combined traditional Chinese medicinal herbs in optimized ratio. J Med Food. 20:265–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis S. 2011. Goodman & Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Luksha L, Agewall S, Kublickiene K. 2009. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in vascular physiology and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 202:330–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer B, Brunner F, Schmidt K. 1993. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by methylene blue. Biochem Pharmacol. 45:367–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadzean I, Gibson A. 2002. The developing relationship between receptor-operated and store-operated calcium channels in smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 135:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson MT, Quayle JM. 1995. Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle. Am J Physiol. 268:C799–C822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaiya C, Choudhary M, Ogunyemi O, Nwauzoma A. 2013. Nutraceuticals from bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) protects against cadmium chloride induced hypertension in albino rats. Nat Sci. 11:136–145.
   Google Scholar
• Quasie O, Zhang YM, Zhang HJ, Luo J, Kong LY. 2016. Four new steroid saponins with highly oxidized side chains from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Phytochem Lett. 15:16–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman ARA. 2013. Clinical practice guidelines: management of hypertension. 4th ed. Malaysia: Ministry of Health Malaysia.
   Google Scholar
• Rameshrad M, Babaei H, Azarmi Y, Fouladia DF. 2016. Rat aorta as a pharmacological tool for in vitro and in vivo studies. Life Sci. 145:190–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rampal L, Rampal S, Azhar M, Rahman AR. 2008. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Malaysia: a national study of 16,440 subjects. Public Health. 122:11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senejoux F, Demougeot C, Cuciureanu M, Miron A, Cuciureanu R, Berthelot A, Girard-Thernier C. 2013. Vasorelaxant effects and mechanisms of action of Heracleum sphondylium L. (Apiaceae) in rat thoracic aorta. J Ethnopharmacol. 147:536–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senejoux F, Girard C, Kerram P, Aisa HA, Berthelot A, Bévalot F, Demougeot C. 2010. Mechanisms of vasorelaxation induced by Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (Lamiaceae) extract in rat thoracic aorta. J Ethnopharmacol. 132:268–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith WL, DeWitt DL, Garavito RM. 2000. Cyclooxygenases: structural, cellular, and molecular biology. Annu Rev Biochem. 69:145–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun SQ, Zhou Q, Chen JB. 2010. Analysis of traditional Chinese medicine by infrared spectroscopy. Beijing, China: Chemical Industrial Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taiwo IA, Odeigah PGC, Jaja S, Mojiminiyi F. 2010. Cardiovascular effects of Vernonia amygdalina in rats and the implications for treatment of hypertension in diabetes. Researcher. 2:76–79.
   Google Scholar
• Tan CS, Loh YC, Ch’ng YS, Mariam A, Mohd ZA, Yam MF. 2017. Decomposition and reformulation of Banxia Baizhu Tianma decoction: a vasodilatory approach. Chin Herb Med. 9:134–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan CS, Ch’ng YS, Loh YC, Mohd. ZA, Mariam A, Yam MF. 2017. Vasorelaxation effect of Glycyrrhizae uralensis through the endothelium-dependent pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 199, 149–160.
   Google Scholar
• Walch L, Gascard JP, Dulmet E, Brink C, Norel X. 2000. Evidence for a M(1) muscarinic receptor on the endothelium of human pulmonary veins. Br J Pharmacol. 130:73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HP, Lu JF, Zhang GL, Li XY, Peng HY, Lu Y, Zhao L, Ye ZG, Bruce IC, Xia Q. 2014. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxant actions and mechanisms induced by total flavonoids of Elsholtzia splendens in rat aortas. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 38:453–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Dong MQ, Liu ML, Xu DQ, Luo Y, Zhang B, Liu LL, Xu M, Zhao PT, Gao YQ. 2010. Tanshinone IIA modulates pulmonary vascular response to agonist and hypoxia primarily via inhibiting Ca2+ influx and release in normal and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 640:129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R. 2009. Hydrogen sulfide: a new EDRF. Kidney Int. 76:700–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildiz O, Gul H, Seyrek M. 2013. Pharmacology of arterial grafts for coronary artery bypass surgery. Rijeka, Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
   Google Scholar