A standardized extract of Echinacea purpurea containing higher chicoric acid content enhances immune function in murine macrophages and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mice

References

• Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Bauer R. 2016. Review and assessment of medicinal safety data of orally used Echinacea preparations. Planta Med. 82(1–2):17–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blois MS. 1958. Antioxidant determinations using a stable free radical. Nature. 181(4617):1199–1200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns JJ, Zhao L, Taylor EW, Spelman K. 2010. The influence of traditional herbal formulas on cytokine activity. Toxicol. 278(1):140–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao X, Xia Y, Zeng M, Wang W, He Y, Liu J. 2019. Caffeic acid inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and mitigates the AGEs-induced oxidative stress and inflammation reaction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Chem Biodivers. 16(10):e1900174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JR, Yang ZQ, Hu TJ, Yan ZT, Niu TX, Wang L, Cui DA, Wang M. 2010. Immunomodulatory activity in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharide from Potentilla anserina. Fitoterapia. 81(8):1117–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degn SE, Thiel S. 2013. Humoral pattern recognition and the complement system. Scand J Immunol. 78(2):181–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirchwolf M, Podhorzer A, Marino M, Shulman C, Cartier M, Zunino M, Paz S, Muno A, Bocassi A, Gimenez J, et al. 2016. Immune dysfunction in cirrhosis: distinct cytokines phenotypes according to cirrhosis severity. Cytokine. 77:14–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutt SB. 2013. PA02. 10. A review on immunomodulator activity of some indigenous medical plants. Ancient Sci Life. 32(5):55.
   Google Scholar
• Fan Y, Ren M, Hou W, Guo C, Tong D, Ma L, Zhang W, He M, Song X. 2015. The activation of Epimedium polysaccharide-propolis flavone liposome on Kupffer cells. Carbohydr Polym. 133:613–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galeas-Pena M, McLaughlin N, Pociask D. 2019. The role of the innate immune system on pulmonary infections. Biol Chem. 400(4):443–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasteiger G, D'Osualdo A, Schubert DA, Weber A, Bruscia EM, Hartl D. 2017. Cellular innate immunity: an old game with new players. J Innate Immun. 9(2):111–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon S. 2016. Phagocytosis: an immunobiologic process. Immunity. 44(3):463–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilchie AL, Wuerth K, Hancock RE. 2013. Immune modulation by multifaceted cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides. Nat Chem Biol. 9(12):761–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirayama D, Iida T, Nakase H. 2017. The phagocytic function of macrophage-enforcing innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci. 19:92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques A, Bleau C, Turbide C, Beauchemin N, Lamontagne L. 2009. Macrophage interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha are induced by coronavirus fixation to Toll-like receptor 2/heparan sulphate receptors but not carcinoembryonic cell adhesion antigen 1a. Immunology. 128(1 Suppl):e181–e192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Linde K. 2015. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. JAMA. 313(6):618–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kour K, Bani S. 2011. Augmentation of immune response by chicoric acid through the modulation of CD28/CTLA-4 and Th1 pathway in chronically stressed mice. Neuropharmacol. 60(6):852–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Sawhney G, Kumar Nagar R, Chauhan N, Gupta N, Kaul A, Ahmed Z, Sangwan PL, Satheesh Kumar P, Yadav G. 2022. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity of Bakuchiol using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines and in animal models stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Int Immunopharmacol. 111:109003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucas-Abellán C, Mercader-Ros MT, Zafrilla MP, Fortea MI, Gabaldón JA, Núñez-Delicado E. 2008. ORAC-fluorescein assay to determine the oxygen radical absorbance capacity of resveratrol complexed in cyclodextrins. J Agric Food Chem. 56(6):2254–2259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo P, Pei F, Kimatu BM, Pei F, Kimatu BM, Liu K, Du M, Qiu W, Hu Q. 2017. The correlation between in vitro antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activity of enzymatic hydrolysates from selenium-enriched rice protein. J Food Sci. 82(2):517–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcocci L, Maguire JJ, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L. 1994. The nitric oxide scavenging properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 201(2):748–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosaddegh M, Esmaeili S, Naghibi F, Hamzeloo Moghadam M, Haeri A, Pirani A, Moazzeni H. 2012. Ethnomedical survey and cytotoxic activity of medicinal plant extracts used in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province in Iran. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 18(3):211–221.
   Google Scholar
• Patil US, Jaydeokar AV, Bandawane DD. 2012. Immunomodulators: a pharmacological review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 4:30–36.
   Google Scholar
• Park S, Lee MS, Jung S, Lee S, Kwon O, Kreuter MH, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Min B, Yun SH, Kim Y. 2018. Echinacea purpurea protects against restraint stress-induced immunosuppression in BALB/c mice. J Med Food. 21(3):261–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Magro L, Melegari M, Soragni F. 2004. Analysis of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of Echinacea spp. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 35(2):289–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SS. 2000. Use of Echinacea in medicine. Biochem Pharmacol. 60(2):155–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasahayam S, Baraka HN, Abdel Bar FM, Abuasal BS, Widrlechner MP, Sayed KA, Meyer SA. 2011. Effects of chemically characterized fractions from aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea and E. angustifolia on myelopoiesis in rats. Planta Med. 77(17):1883–1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramezannezhad R, Aghdasi M, Fatemi M. 2019. An investigation on cichoric acid, chlorogenic, caffeic acid content and antioxidant activity in some Iranian native species compared to Echinacea purpurea L. in different developmental stages. Iran J Med Aromatic Plants Res. 34:909–923.
   Google Scholar
• Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Evans CR. 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 26(9–10):1231–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rondanelli M, Miccono A, Lamburghini S, Avanzato I, Riva A, Allegrini P, Faliva MA, Peroni G, Nichetti M, Perna S. 2018. 2018. Self-care for common colds: the pivotal role of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc and Echinacea in three main immune interactive clusters (physical barriers, innate and adaptive immunity) involved during an episode of common colds—Practical advice on dosages and on the time to take these nutrients/botanicals in order to prevent or treat common colds. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018:5813095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Arnason JT, Burt A, Hudson JB. 2006. Echinacea extracts modulate the pattern of chemokine and cytokine secretion in rhinovirus-infected and uninfected epithelial cells. Phytother Res. 20(2):147–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Kumar P, Sharma R, Gupta G, Chaudhary A. 2017. Immunomodulators: role of medicinal plants in immune system. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 7(6):1.
   Google Scholar
• Singh VK, Dwivedi P, Chaudhary BR, Singh R. 2016. Gymnemic acid stimulates in vitro splenic lymphocyte proliferation. Phytother Res. 30(2):341–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokol CL, Luster AD. 2015. The chemokine system in innate immunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 7:a016303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thygesen L, Thulin J, Mortensen A, Skibsted LH, Molgaard P. 2007. Antioxidant activity of cichoric acid and alkamides from Echinacea purpurea, alone and in combination. Food Chem. 101(1):74–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai K, Kao C, Hung C, Cheng YH, Lin HC, Chu PM. 2017. Chicoric acid is a potent anti-atherosclerotic ingredient by anti-oxidant action and anti-inflammation capacity. Oncotarget. 8(18):29600–29612.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tzianabos AO. 2000. Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13(4):523–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J. 2014. Natural immunomodulators and their stimulation of immune reaction: true or false? Anticancer Res. 34(5):2275–2282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Zhu L, Yu B, Chen K, Liu B, Liu J, Qin G, Liu C, Liu H, Chen K. 2016. Exopolysaccharide from Trichoderma pseudokoningii induces macrophage activation. Carbohydr Polym. 133:613–623.
   Google Scholar
• Wang M, Raza SHA, Wu Q, Xue C, Liu J, Zhang L, Zhang W, Wang A, Wu H. 2020. Cichoric acid from extracted Echinacea purpurea induces the proliferation and apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from yaks. Electron J Biotechnol. 47:17–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks BA, Keisler AS, Myrvik QN, Warinner JE. 1987. Differential uptake of neutral red by macrophages from three species of estuarine fish. Dev Comp Immunol. 11(1):117–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Tang T, He H, Wu H, Hu Z. 2011. Influence of several postharvest processing methods on polyphenol oxidase activity and cichoric acid content of Echinacea purpurea roots. Ind Crops Prod. 34(1):873–881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X, Dong Q, Kan X, Peng L, Xu X, Fang Y, Yang J. 2018. Immunomodulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide from Lonicera japonica in immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. PLoS One. 13(10):e0204152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolgharnein J, Niazi A, Afiuni-Zadeh S, Zamani K. 2010. Determination of cichoric acid as a biomarker in Echinacea purpurea cultivated in Iran using high performance liquid chromatography. CM. 01(01):23–27.
   Google Scholar