Engaging youth at school to advance sustainable agriculture and inspire future farming: evidence from Cambodia

References

• Adeyanju, Dolapo F., John Mburu, and Djana Mignouna. 2020. “Impact of Agricultural Programs on Youth Engagement in Agribusiness in Nigeria: A Case Study.” Journal of Agricultural Science 12 (5): 145. doi:10.5539/jas.v12n5p145.
   Google Scholar
• Alrawashdeh, Ghaida S., Samantha Lindgren, Manny Reyes, and Sar Pisey. 2022. “Developing Youth’s Capacities as Active Partners in Achieving Sustainable Global Food Security Through Education.” Environmental Sciences Proceedings 15 (1): 28. doi:10.3390/environsciproc2022015028.
   Google Scholar
• Anyidoho, Nana Akua, Jennifer Leavy, and Kwadwo Asenso-Okyere. 2012. “Perceptions and Aspirations: A Case Study of Young People in Ghana’s Cocoa Sector.” IDS Bulletin 43 (6): 20–32. doi:10.1111/j.1759-5436.2012.00376.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aphunu, A., and Charity Atoma. 2011. “Rural Youths’ Involvement in Agricultural Production in Delta Central Agricultural Zone: Challenge to Agricultural Extension Development in Delta State.” Journal of Agricultural Extension 14: 46–55. doi:10.4314/jae.v14i2.64123.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, Christina, Verena Fischersworring, Joanna Furgiuele, and Jan von Enden. 2018. “Investing in Youth in Coffee Growing Communities: A Review of Current Programs and Practices in Latin America.” Hanns R. Neumann Stiftung, SAFE & Sustainable Food Lab. https://www.hrnstiftung.org/youth-mapping-coffee-central-america/.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, Albert. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, Albert. 1997. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W.H. Freeman and Company, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, Albert. 2001. “Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective.” Annual Review of Psychology 52 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, Hannah, and David Christian Rose. 2020. “Perceptions of the Fourth Agricultural Revolution: What’s in, What’s out, and What Consequences Are Anticipated?” Sociologia Ruralis 62 (2): 162–189. doi:10.1111/soru.12324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhandari, Humnath, and Ashok Kumar Mishra. 2018. “Impact of Demographic Transformation on Future Rice Farming in Asia.” Outlook on Agriculture 47 (2): 125–132. doi:10.1177/0030727018769676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boateng, Ethel Seiwaa, and Alexandra Löwe. 2018. Aspirations Matter: What Young People in Ghana Think about Work. London: Youth Forward Learning Partnership. https://odi.org/en/publications/aspirations-matter-what-young-people-in-ghana-think-about-work/.
   Google Scholar
• Brand, Nikki, and Ellen Galdava. 2019. “Engaging Youth in Agriculture through Information and Communication Technologies.” https://www.usaid.gov/documents/15396/engaging-youth-agriculture-through-information-and-communication-technologies.
   Google Scholar
• Cheteni, Priviledge. 2016. “Youth Participation in Agriculture in the Nkonkobe District Municipality, South Africa.” Journal of Human Ecology 55 (3): 207–213. doi:10.1080/09709274.2016.11907025.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, John W., and J. David Creswell. 2018. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, Wendy, and Claire H. Hollweg. 2019. Cambodia’s Future Jobs: Linking to the Economy of Tomorrow. Phnom Penh: World Bank. doi:10.1596/32410.
   Google Scholar
• Dadzie, Christabel E., Mawuko Fumey, and Suleiman Namara. 2020. Youth Employment Programs in Ghana: Options for Effective Policy Making and Implementation. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Egerer, Monika, Brenda Lin, and Lucy Diekmann. 2020. “Nature Connection, Experience and Policy Encourage and Maintain Adaptation to Drought in Urban Agriculture.” Environmental Research Communications 2 (4): 041004. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ab8917.
   Google Scholar
• Ephrem, Akilimali Ndatabaye, Paul Martin Dontsop Nguezet, McEdward Murimbika, Zoumana Bamba, and Victor Manyong. 2021. “Perceived Social Norms and Agripreneurial Intention among Youths in Eastern DRC.” Sustainability 13 (6): 3442. doi:10.3390/su13063442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2014. Youth and Agriculture: Key Challenges and Concrete Solutions. Rome .
   Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2017. The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges. Rome .
   Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2020. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets. Rome, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Fayolle, Alain, and Benoit Gailly. 2015. “The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intention: Hysteresis and Persistence.” Journal of Small Business Management 53 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, Louise, and Alun Thomas. 2016. “Africa’s Got Work to Do: A Diagnostic of Youth Employment Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of African Economies 25 (suppl_1): i16–i36. doi:10.1093/jae/ejv026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraze, Lacee, Gary Wingenbach, Tracy Rutherford, and Lawrence Wolfskill. 2011. “Effects of a Recruitment Workshop on Selected Urban High School Students’ Self–Efficacy and Attitudes Toward Agriculture as a Subject, College Major, and Career.” Journal of Agricultural Education 52 (4): 123–135. doi:10.5032/jae.2011.04123.
   Google Scholar
• Gestiada, Geleena, Allen Nazareno, and Ranzivelle Marianne Roxas-Villanueva. 2017. “Development of a Senior High School Career Decision Tool Based on Social Cognitive Career Theory.” Philippine Journal of Science 146 (4): 11.
   Google Scholar
• Gunzler, Douglas, Tian Chen, Pan Wu, and Hui Zhang. 2013. “Introduction to Mediation Analysis with Structural Equation Modeling.” Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry 25 (6): 390–394. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.06.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haruna, O. I., I. A. Ezhim, and V. C. Asogwa. 2019. “Challenges and enhancement of youth participation in agricultural education for sustainable food security.” African Educational Research Journal 7 (4): 174–182. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.74.19.028
   Google Scholar
• Heidi, Feldt, Lisa Kirtz, Manuel Marx, Nora Nebelung, Verena Vad, and Johannes von Stamm. 2019. Preparing and Accessing Decent Work Amongst Rural Youth in Cambodia. Rome: FAO and Humboldt University of Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper, Daire, Joseph Coughlan, and Michael Mullen. 2008. “Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit.” doi:10.21427/D7CF7R.
   Google Scholar
• Jean-Phillipe, Sharon, Jennifer Richards, Kimberly Gwinn, and Caula Beyl. 2017. “Urban Youth Perceptions of Agriculture.” Journal of Youth Development 12: 1–17. doi:10.5195/JYD.2017.497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, Katherine A, Thomas W Broyles, and Marie S Hammond. 2018. “Career Intervention Effects on Agricultural Students’ Career Development at an 1890 Land-Grant Institution.” NACTA Journal 62: 7.
   Google Scholar
• Kato, Hironori, Rika Idei, and So Morikawa. 2019. “Contribution of Rural Roads Improvement on Children’s School Attendance: Evidence in Cambodia.” International Journal of Educational Development 72: 102131. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.102131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibirige, Douglas, Ajay Singh, and K. R. Zvenyika. 2017. “Perceptions of Swaziland’s Youth Towards Farming: A Case of Manzini Region.” Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal 1: 83–89. doi:10.15406/freij.2017.01.00014.
   Google Scholar
• Kline, Rex B. 2015. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 4th ed. New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kosal, Nith, and Ly Singhong. 2018. “Reinvigorating Cambodian Agriculture: Transforming from Extensive to Intensive Agriculture.” MPRA 48: 1–47.
   Google Scholar
• Leavy, Jennifer, and Sally Smith. 2010. “Future Farmers: Youth Aspirations, Expectations and Life Choices.” Discussion Paper. UK: Future Agricultures Consortium. www.future-agricultures.org.
   Google Scholar
• Lent, Robert W. 2005. “A Social Cognitive View of Career Development and Counseling.” In Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work, edited by S.D. Brown and R.W. Lent, 101–127. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Lent, Robert W., and Steven D. Brown. 2013. “Social Cognitive Model of Career Self-Management: Toward a Unifying View of Adaptive Career Behavior Across the Life Span.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 60 (4): 557–568. doi:10.1037/a0033446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lent, Robert W., Steven D. Brown, and Gail Hackett. 1994. “Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Interest, Choice, and Performance.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 45 (1): 79–122. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lent, Robert W., Antonio M. Lopez, Frederick G. Lopez, and Hung-Bin Sheu. 2008. “Social Cognitive Career Theory and the Prediction of Interests and Choice Goals in the Computing Disciplines.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 73 (1): 52–62. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Shengfa, Xiubin Li, Laixiang Sun, Guiying Cao, Guenther Fischer, and Sylvia Tramberend. 2018. “An Estimation of the Extent of Cropland Abandonment in Mountainous Regions of China.” Land Degradation & Development 29 (5): 1327–1342. doi:10.1002/ldr.2924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsjö, Karin, Wapulumuka Mulwafu, Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt, and Miriam Kalanda Joshua. 2021. “Generational Dynamics of Agricultural Intensification in Malawi: Challenges for the Youth and Elderly Smallholder Farmers.” International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 19 (5–6): 423–436. doi:10.1080/14735903.2020.1721237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, Roderick J. A. 1988. “A Test of Missing Completely at Random for Multivariate Data with Missing Values.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 83 (404): 1198–1202. doi:10.2307/2290157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckey, Alisa Nicole, T. P. Murphrey, Richard L. Cummins, and Michael B. Edwards. 2013. “Assessing Youth Perceptions and Knowledge of Agriculture: The Impact of Participating in an AgVenture Program.” The Journal of Extension 51: 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Magagula, Buyisile, and Chiedza Z. Tsvakirai. 2020. “Youth Perceptions of Agriculture: Influence of Cognitive Processes on Participation in Agripreneurship.” Development in Practice 30 (2): 234–243. doi:10.1080/09614524.2019.1670138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx, M., and H. Feldt. 2018. “Supporting Youth in Agriculture - Evidence from Cambodia.” Rural 21 52 (3): 38–40.
   Google Scholar
• McKnight, Trent. 2021. An Introductory Guide to School-Based Agricultural Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Guide. Washington, DC: AgriCorps, Inc. https://sbae.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Empower-Youth-Transform-Agriculture_0102.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Millar, Paul, and Samoeun Nicseybon. 2021. “Cambodia’s Schools Reopened, but Rural Students Stay at Work.” VOD (blog). November 24, 2021. https://vodenglish.news/cambodias-schools-reopened-but-rural-students-stay-at-work/.
   Google Scholar
• MOEYS. 2007. “Education Law.” Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of Cambodia. http://www.moeys.gov.kh/images/moeys/laws-and-regulations/48/EducationLaw-EN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Moya, Piedad, Kei Kajisa, Randolph Barker, Samarendu Mohanty, Fe Gascon, Mary Rose San Valentine, and Michael J Montesano. 2017. “Changes in Rice Farming in the Philippines: Insights from Five Decades of a Household-Level Survey.” Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 32 (1): 185–190. doi:10.1355/sj32-1k.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulema, Annet A., and Elias Damtew. 2016. “Gender-Based Constraints and Opportunities to Agricultural Intensification in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review.” Report. International Livestock Research Institute. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/78212.
   Google Scholar
• Mulema, Joseph, Idah Mugambi, Monica Kansiime, Hong Twu Chan, Michael Chimalizeni, Thi Xuan Pham, and George Oduor. 2021. “Barriers and Opportunities for the Youth Engagement in Agribusiness: Empirical Evidence from Zambia and Vietnam.” Development in Practice 31 (5): 690–706. doi:10.1080/09614524.2021.1911949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussa, Essa Chanie. 2020. “Youth Aspirations, Perceptions of Farming, and Migration Decisions in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa: Further Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3616359. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3616359.
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet, Elizabeth K., John M. Zelenski, and Steven A. Murphy. 2009. “The Nature Relatedness Scale: Linking Individuals’ Connection with Nature to Environmental Concern and Behavior.” Environment and Behavior 41 (5): 715–740. doi:10.1177/0013916508318748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyoni, T. S. 2012. “Current and Emerging Youth Policies and Initiatives with a Special Focus on Link to Agriculture: Zimbabwe Case Study Draft Report.” South Africa: Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network. https://fanrpan.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Ramdwar, Marcus, and Wayne Ganpat. 2010. “Likelihood of Students in the Formal Education System in Trinidad to Pursue Agriculture as a Profession and the Implications for Development.” Journal of Agricultural Education 51 (4): 28–37. doi:10.5032/jae.2010.04028.
   Google Scholar
• Reesor, Layton, Elizabeth M. Vaughan, Daphne C. Hernandez, and Craig A. Johnston. 2017. “Addressing Outcomes Expectancies in Behavior Change.” American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 11 (6): 430–432. doi:10.1177/1559827617722504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittirong, Jongjit, Pramote Prasartkul, and Ronald R. Rindfuss. 2014. “From Whom Do Older Persons Prefer Support? The Case of Rural Thailand.” Journal of Aging Studies 31: 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2014.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizki Novanda Ridha, Burhanuddin, and Budi Priyatna Wahyu. 2017. “Entrepreneurship Intention in Agricultural Sector of Young Generation in Indonesia.” Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 11 (1): 76–89. doi:10.1108/APJIE-04-2017-022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, Mary E., and Peter A. Creed. 2011. “A Longitudinal Examination of Adolescent Career Planning and Exploration Using a Social Cognitive Career Theory Framework.” Journal of Adolescence 34 (1): 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.12.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvago, Marta Ruiz, Kassirin Phiboon, Nicolas Faysse, and Thi Phuoc Lai Nguyen. 2019. “Young People’s Willingness to Farm under Present and Improved Conditions in Thailand.” Outlook on Agriculture 48 (4): 282–291. doi:10.1177/0030727019880189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seangmean, Thai, Seng Sokheng, and Panha Somonich. 2015. “Youth Employment in Cambodia: Trends, Challenges and Policy Responses; Final Draft.” April. https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/54708.
   Google Scholar
• Serebrennikov, Dmytro, Fiona Thorne, Zein Kallas, and Sinéad N. McCarthy. 2020. “Factors Influencing Adoption of Sustainable Farming Practices in Europe: A Systemic Review of Empirical Literature.” Sustainability 12 (22): 1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suphannachart, Waleerat. 2017. “What Drives Labour Productivity in the Ageing Agriculture of Thailand?” Advances in Management & Applied Economics 7 (1): 17.
   Google Scholar
• Susilowati, S. H. 2014. Attracting the young generation to engage in agriculture. International Seminar on Enhanced Entry of Young Generation into Farming. https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/757
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B., and L. Fidell. 2019. Using Multivariate Statistics. Pearson. https://www.amazon.com/Using-Multivariate-Statistics-Barbara-Tabachnick/dp/0134790545
   Google Scholar
• Thebe, Vusilizwe. 2018. “Youth, Agriculture and Land Reform in Zimbabwe: Experiences from a Communal Area and Resettlement Scheme in Semi-Arid Matabeleland, Zimbabwe.” African Studies 77: 1–18. doi:10.1080/00020184.2018.1466516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiraieyari, Neda, and Steven Eric Krauss. 2018. “Predicting Youth Participation in Urban Agriculture in Malaysia: Insights from the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Functional Approach to Volunteer Motivation.” Agriculture and Human Values 35 (3): 637–650. doi:10.1007/s10460-018-9854-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivelli, Carolina, and Jorge Morel. 2021. “Rural Youth Inclusion, Empowerment, and Participation.” The Journal of Development Studies 57 (4): 635–649. doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1808194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN (United Nations). 2019. “World Economic Situation and Prospects.” Briefing. No. 125. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-april-2019-briefing-no-125/.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2020. “Agriculture and Food.” https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/overview.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2021a. “The World Bank in Cambodia.” https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cambodia/overview.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2021b. “World Development Indicators.” https://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.2.
   Google Scholar
• Yeboah, Thomas, Easther Chigumira, Innocensia John, Nana Akua Anyidoho, Victor Manyong, Justin Flynn, and James Sumberg. 2020. “Hard Work and Hazard: Young People and Agricultural Commercialisation in Africa.” Journal of Rural Studies 76: 142–151. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.04.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Linxiu, Yongqing Dong, Chengfang Liu, and Yunli Bai. 2018. “Off-Farm Employment Over the Past Four Decades in Rural China.” doi:10.1108/CAER-11-2017-0212.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Yu Chi, Nan Zhou, Hongjian Cao, Yue Liang, Shulin Yu, Jian Li, Linyuan Deng, et al. 2019. “Career-Specific Parenting Practices and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy among Chinese Adolescents: The Interactive Effects of Parenting Practices and the Mediating Role of Autonomy.” Frontiers in Psychology 10: 1–10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar