Factors contributing to rural extension agents’ support for a transfer of technology (ToT) approach: a multiple linear regression analysis

References

• Adamsone-Fiskovica, A., and M. Grivins. 2021. “Knowledge Production and Communication in On-Farm Demonstrations: Putting Farmer Participatory Research and Extension Into Practice.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2021.1953551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Rimawi, A., M. Allahyari, and J. Al-rusheidat. 2017. “Assessing Extension Agent Training Needs, Barriers and Training Methods in Jordan.” Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 19 (5): 1019–1029. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8942-en.pdf.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez, S. 2001. “Pobreza Autogestionada.” Encrucijadas 14: 32–43.
   Google Scholar
• Argyris, C. 1991. “Teaching Smart People How to Learn.” Reflections / Sigma Theta Tau 4 (2): 4–15. https://hbr.org/1991/05/teaching-smart-people-how-to-learn.
   Google Scholar
• Bisseleua, D., L. Idrissou, P. Olurotimi, A. Ogunniyi, D. Mignouna, and S. Bamire. 2018. “Multi-stakeholder Process Strengthens Agricultural Innovations and Sustainable Livelihoods of Farmers in Southern Nigeria.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 24 (1): 29–49. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2017.1392992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, M., F. Cofini, and V. Sulaiman. 2020. Agricultural Extension in Transition Worldwide. Policies and Strategies for Reform. Rome: FAO/ONU. doi:10.4060/ca8199en
   Google Scholar
• Bourne, M., L. de Bruyn, and J. Prior. 2021. “Participatory Versus Traditional Agricultural Advisory Models for Training Farmers in Conservation Agriculture: A Comparative Analysis from Kenya.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 27 (2): 153–174. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2020.1828113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breusch, T., and A. Pagan. 1979. “A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation.” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 47 (5): 1287–1294. doi:10.2307/1911963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S., and B. Price. 1991. Regression Analysis by Example. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Cooreman, H., L. Debruyne, J. Vandenabeele, and F. Marchand. 2021. “Power to the Facilitated Agricultural Dialogue: An Analysis of On-Farm Demonstrations as Transformative Learning Spaces.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 27 (5): 699–719. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2021.1969958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Ros, C. 2012. ““A Contribuição das Visitas de Campo no Ensino das Ciências Agrárias na UFRRJ.” Revista Ciência em Extensão 8 (1): 107–122. https://ojs.unesp.br/index.php/revista_proex/article/view/524/636.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, K., and R. Sulaiman. 2014. “The New Extensionist: Roles and Capacities to Strengthen Extension and Advisory Services.” Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 21 (3): 6–18. doi:10.5191/jiaee.2014.21301.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, K., and R. Sulaiman. 2016. Overview of Extension Philosophies and Methods. Note 0. Lausanne: GFRAS. https://www.g-fras.org/en/download.html?download=544:gfras-ggp-note-0-overview-of-extension-philosophies-and-methods.
   Google Scholar
• de Freitas, C., F. de Figueiredo Silva, M. Braga, and M. de Carvalho Reis Neves. 2021. “Rural Extension and Technical Efficiency in the Brazilian Agricultural Sector.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 24 (2): 215–232. doi:10.22434/IFAMR2020.0094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Roo, N., T. Amede, E. Elias, C. Almekinders, and C. Leeuwis. 2021. “Diffusion of Agricultural Knowledge in Southern Ethiopia: Finding the Real Opinion Leaders Through Network Analysis.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2021.1987282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraway, J. 2009. Linear Models with R. New York: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
   Google Scholar
• Faure, G., E. Penot, J. Rakotondravelo, H. Ramahatoraka, P. Dugué, and A. Toillier. 2013. “Which Advisory System to Support Innovation in Conservation Agriculture? The Case of Madagascar's Lake Alaotra.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 19 (3): 257–270. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2013.782169.
   Google Scholar
• Garat, J., and A. Barrionuevo. 2020. “Formación Universitaria en Extensión: Cuatro Desafíos en Tiempos de ‘la Doble Vía’.” Revista Masquedós 5 (5): 1–10. http://ojs.extension.unicen.edu.ar/index.php/masquedos/article/view/76.
   Google Scholar
• Glover, D., J. Sumberg, G. Ton, J. Andersson, and L. Badstue. 2019. “Rethinking Technological Change in Smallholder Agriculture.” Outlook on Agriculture 48 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1177/0030727019864978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, M. 2019. “Becoming an Agricultural Advisor–the Rationale, the Plan and the Implementation of a Model of Reflective Practice in Extension Higher Education.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 25 (2): 179–191. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2018.1559742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höckert, J., and M. Ljung. 2013. “Advisory Encounters Towards a Sustainable Farm Development. Interaction Between Systems and Shared Lifeworlds.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 19 (3): 291–309. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2013.782178.
   Google Scholar
• Ingram, J., P. Gaskell, J. Mills, and J. Dwyer. 2020. “How Do We Enact Co-Innovation with Stakeholders in Agricultural Research Projects? Managing the Complex Interplay Between Contextual and Facilitation Processes.” Journal of Rural Studies 78: 65–77. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamara, L., F. Van Hulst, and P. Dorward. 2021. “Using Improved Understanding of Research and Extension Professionals’ Attitudes and Beliefs to Inform Design of AIS Approaches.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 27 (2): 175–192. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2020.1828114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knook, J., V. Eory, M. Brander, and D. Moran. 2018. “Evaluation of Farmer Participatory Extension Programmes.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 24 (4): 309–325. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2018.1466717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsouris, A. 2018. “Role of Extension in Agricultural Technology Transfer: A Critical Review.” In From Agriscience to Agribusiness. Theories, Policies and Practices in Technology Transfer and Commercialization, edited by N. Kalaitzandonakes, E. Carayannis, E. Grigoroudis, and S. Rozakis, 337–359. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67958-7_16
   Google Scholar
• Kutner, M., C. Nachtsheim, J. Neter, and W. Li. 2005. Applied Linear Statistical Models. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
   Google Scholar
• Landini, F. 2015. “Different Argentine Rural Extensionists’ Mindsets and Their Practical Implications.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 21 (3): 219–234. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2014.927375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landini, F. 2016. “Unfolding the Knowledge and Power Dynamics of the ‘Farmers–Rural Extensionists’ Interface in North-Eastern Argentina.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 22 (5): 399–413. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2016.1227050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landini, F. 2021. “Cambios en la Comprensión del Propio Rol de Extensionista a Partir de la Experiencia: Un Estudio Latinoamericano.” Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 59 (2): e224267. doi:10.1590/1806-9479.2021.224267.
   Google Scholar
• Landini, F. 2022. “Creencias de Extensionistas Argentinos sobre Extensión e Innovación Rural.” Perfiles Latinoamericanos 30 (59). doi:10.18504/pl3059-004-2022.
   Google Scholar
• Landini, F., and M. Beramendi. 2019. “Construction and Validation of a Psychometric Scale to Assess Extension Agents’ Beliefs About Extension and Innovation.” Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 25 (5): 381–399. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2019.1643748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landini, F., M. Beramendi, and R. Rojas-Andrade. 2021. “Transcultural Validation of a Scale in English, Portuguese and Spanish to Assess Rural Extension Agents’ Beliefs About Extension and Innovation.” Journal of Rural Studies 86: 518–526. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.07.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landini, F., V. Bianqui, and M. Crespi. 2013. “Evaluación de las Creencias sobre Extensión Rural de los Extensionistas Paraguayos.” Psiencia 5 (1): 3–14. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/1393.
   Google Scholar
• Landini, F., and W. Brites. 2018. “Evaluation and Impact of a Reflective Training Process for Rural Extension Agents.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 24 (5): 457–472. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2018.1500922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landini, F., J. Turner, K. Davis, H. Percy, and J. van Niekerk. 2022. “International Comparison of Extension Agent Objectives and Construction of a Typology.” Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 28 (4): 415–437. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2021.1936091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Méndez-Sastoque, M. 2020. “Hacia una Extensión Rural Fundada en el Diálogo Sinérgico de Saberes: Campesinos y Extensionistas Construyendo Juntos.” Redes. Revista do Desenvolvimento Regional 25 (1): 189–210. doi:10.17058/redes.v25i1.14684.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, G., and J. Alwang. 2020. “Changes in Agricultural Extension and Implications for Farmer Adoption of New Practices.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 42 (1): 8–20. doi:10.1002/aepp.13008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes, E., V. da Silva, and V. de Sá. 2020. “Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (ATER): Formação e Conhecimentos para a Agricultura Familiar do Rio Grande do Norte.” Redes. Revista do Desenvolvimento Regional 25 (2): 857–881. doi:10.17058/redes.v25i2.14174.
   Google Scholar
• Olorunfemi, T., R. Olorunfemi, and O. Oladele. 2020. “Determinants of the Involvement of Extension Agents in Disseminating Climate Smart Agricultural Initiatives: Implication for Scaling Up.” Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 19 (4): 285–292. doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2019.03.003.
   Google Scholar
• Osborne, J., and E. Waters. 2002. “Four Assumptions of Multiple Regression That Researchers Should Always Test.” Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation 8 (2): 1–5. doi:10.7275/r222-hv23.
   Google Scholar
• Otero, J., and D. Selis. 2016. “La Revista ‘Extensión en las Américas’. Influencia de los EEUU en los Servicios de Extensión Rural Latinoamericanos.” Extensão Rural 23 (1): 42–57. doi:10.5902/2318179617359.
   Google Scholar
• Pannell, D., and D. Zilberman. 2020. “Understanding Adoption of Innovations and Behavior Change to Improve Agricultural Policy.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 42 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1002/aepp.13013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaspyrou, S., and A. Koutsouris. 2018. “The Educational Philosophy of Greek Extensionists vis-à-vis Contemporary Extension Thinking: A Critical Appraisal.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 24 (4): 345–360. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2018.1465440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, E. 1962. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rubinfeld, D. 2011. “Reference Guide on Multiple Regression.” In Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, Edited by the National Research Council, 303–358. Washington: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sarandón, S. 2021. “Agroecología: Una Revolución del Pensamiento en las Ciencias Agrarias.” Ciencia, Tecnología y Política 4 (6): e055. doi:10.24215/26183188e055.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland, L., and F. Marchand. 2021. “On-Farm Demonstration: Enabling Peer-To-Peer Learning.” The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 27 (5): 573–590. doi:10.1080/1389224X.2021.1959716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, K., R. Muraoka, and K. Otsuka. 2020. “Technology Adoption, Impact, and Extension in Developing Countries’ Agriculture: A Review of the Recent Literature.” Agricultural Economics 51 (1): 31–45. doi:10.1111/agec.12539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, R., Y. Todo, and T. Degefa. 2015. “The Effects of a Participatory Approach on the Adoption of Agricultural Technology: Focusing on the Social Network Structure in Rural Ethiopia.” Studies in Agricultural Economics 117: 50–56. doi:10.7896/j.1504.
   Google Scholar
• Utter, A., A. White, V. E. Méndez, and K. Morris. 2021. “Co-creation of Knowledge in Agroecology.” Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 9 (1): 26. doi:10.1525/elementa.2021.00026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M., C. Grajales, and D. Kurkiewicz. 2013. “Assumptions of Multiple Regression: Correcting Two Misconceptions.” Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation 18 (11): 1–12. doi:10.7275/55hn-wk47.
   Google Scholar