187
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Predicting knot properties of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris from generic tree descriptors

Pages 49-62 | Published online: 18 Feb 2007

References

  • Barbour , R. J. , Lowell , E. C. , Todoroki , C. L. , Parry , D. L. and Christensen , G. A. 1999 . “ Simulating North American lumber grade recovery with Autosaw using externally visible branch and stem form characteristics ” . In IUFRO WP S5.01-04 Third Workshop: Connection between silviculture and wood quality through modelling approaches and simulation softwares , Edited by: Nepveu , G. 493 – 504 . Nancy : INRA .
  • Bergh , J. , McMurtrie , R. E. and Linder , S. 1998 . Climatic factors controlling the productivity of Norway spruce: a model-based analysis . Forest Ecology and Management , 110 : 127 – 139 .
  • Björklund , L. 1997 . The interior knot structure of Pinus sylvestris stems . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 12 : 403 – 412 .
  • Björklund , L. & Julin , B. (1998) . Value optimised cross-cutting and sawing of CT-scanned Scots pine stems (Rep. No. 48) . Uppsala : Department of Forest-Industry-Market Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences .
  • Colin , F. and Houllier , F. 1991 . Branchiness of Norway spruce in north-eastern France: modelling vertical trends in maximum nodal branch size . Annales des Sciences Forestieres , 48 : 679 – 693 .
  • Colin , F. and Houllier , F. 1992 . Branchiness of Norway spruce in north-eastern France: predicting the main crown characteristics from usual tree measurements . Annales des Sciences Forestieres , 49 : 511 – 538 .
  • Dietrich , G. (1973) . Branch formation and natural pruning in silver fir . Forstwissenschaftliche Forschungen , 34 , 1 – 95 . (In German.)
  • Ekenstedt , F. Grahn , T. , Hedenberg , Ö. , Lundqvist , S.-O. , Arlinger , J. & Wilhelmsson , L. (2003) . Variations in fiber dimensions of Norway spruce and Scots pine (STFI Rep. PUB 13) . Stockholm : Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute .
  • Elfving , B. (1975) . Volume and structure in unthinned stands of Scots pine (Rapporter och Uppsatser nr 35) . Stockholm : Department of Forest Yield Research, Royal College of Forestry . (In Swedish with English summary.)
  • Elfving , B. and Kiviste , A. 1997 . Construction of site index equations for Pinus sylvestris L. using permanent plot data in Sweden . Forest Ecology and Management , 98 : 125 – 134 .
  • Eriksson , G. , Ilstedt , B. , Nilsson , C. and Ryttman , H. 1987 . Within and between population variation of growth and stem quality in a 30 year old Pinus sylvestris trial . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 2 : 301 – 314 .
  • Föreningen Svenska Sågverksmän . 1994 . Nordic timber—Grading rules for pine and spruce sawn timber , Stockholm, , Sweden : Föreningen Svenska Sågverksmän .
  • Gilmore , D. W. and Seymour , R. S. 1997 . Crown architecture of Abies balsamea from four canopy positions . Tree Physiology , 17 : 71 – 80 .
  • Grace , J. C. , Pont , D. , Goulding , C. J. and Rawley , B. 1999 . Modelling branch development for forest management . New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science , 29 : 391 – 408 .
  • Grönlund , U. (1995) . Quality variations in the forest products industry . Doctoral Thesis No. 2002:58. Division of Wood Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Skellefteå, Sweden .
  • Grundberg , S. (1999) . An X-ray LogScanner—A tool for controlling the sawmill process . Doctoral Thesis No. 1999:37. Division of Wood Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Skellefteå, Sweden .
  • Grundberg , S. & Grönlund , A. (1999) . Validation of a virtual sawmill . In S. Grundberg . An X-ray LogScanner—A tool for controlling the sawmill process . Doctoral Thesis No. 1999:37. Division of Wood Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Skellefteå, Sweden .
  • Grundberg , S. , Grönlund , A. & Grönlund , U. (1995) . The Swedish stem bank—A database for different silvicultural and wood properties (Research Rep. TULEA 1995:31) . Skellefteå, , Sweden : Luleå University of Technology .
  • Haapanen , M. , Velling , P. and Annala , M. L. 1997 . Progeny trial estimates of genetic parameters for growth and quality traits in Scots pine . Silva Fennica , 31 : 3 – 12 .
  • Hägg A. & Weslien , H. (1995) . Self-pruning of dead branches in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in relation to site factors (Rep. No. 246) . Uppsala : Department of Forest Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences .
  • Heikinheimo , O. (1953) . On natural pruning of tree stems . Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae , 41 (5) . (In Finnish with English summary.)
  • Heiskanen , V. (1965) . On the relations between the development of the early age and thickness of trees and their branchiness in pine stands . Acta Forestalia Fennica , 80 , 1 – 62 . (In Finnish with English summary.)
  • Høibø , O. A. , Vestøl , G. , Sundby , H. J. and Molteberg , D. E. 1997 . “ Modelling knottiness and knot characteristics of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)—The influence of diameter and height growth on knot characteristics ” . In IUFRO WP S5.01-04 Second Workshop: Connection between silviculture and wood quality through modelling approaches and simulation softwares , Edited by: Nepveu , G. 45 – 48 . Nancy : INRA .
  • Høibø , O. A. , Vestøl , G. and Øyen , O. 1999 . “ Modelling sound knot length in Scots pine ” . In IUFRO WP S5.01-04 Third Workshop: Connection between silviculture and wood quality through modelling approaches and simulation softwares , Edited by: Nepveu , G. 35 – 41 . Nancy : INRA .
  • Houllier , F. , Leban , J.-M. and Colin , F. 1995 . Linking growth modelling to timber quality assessment for Norway spruce . Forest Ecology and Management , 74 : 91 – 102 .
  • Ikonen , V. P. , Kellomäki , S. and Peltola , H. 2003 . Linking tree stem properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) to sawn timber properties through simulated sawing . Forest Ecology and Management , 174 : 251 – 263 .
  • Kärkkäinen , M. (1986) . Model for knottiness of wood in pine, spruce and birch . Silva Fennica , 20 , 107 – 116 . (In Finnish with English abstract.)
  • Kellomäki , S. and Strandman , H. 1995 . A model for the structural growth of young Scots pine crowns based on light interception by shoots . Ecological Modelling , 80 : 237 – 250 .
  • Kollman , F. & Coté , A. (1968) . Principles of wood science and technology (Vol. 1) . Berlin : Springer .
  • Kramer , H. (1962) . Crown structure and crown development of even-aged planted spruce stands . Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung , 133 , 249 – 256 . (In German with English abstract.)
  • Kunstle , E. & Mitscherlich , G. (1977) . Photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration in a mixed stand in the Black Forest. IV. Balance . Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung , 148 , 227 – 239 . (In German with English abstract.)
  • Lämsä , P. , Kellomäki , S. & Väisänen , H. (1990) . Branchiness of young Scots pines as related to stand structure and site fertility . Folia Forestalia , 746 , 1 – 22 . (In Finnish with English abstract.)
  • Lemieux , H. , Samson , M. and Usenius , A. 1997a . Shape and distribution of knots in a sample of Picea abies logs . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 12 : 50 – 56 .
  • Lemieux , H. , Usenius , A. and Samson , M. 1997b . A method for the characterization of knots in logs . Forest Products Journal , 47 : 57 – 62 .
  • Lemieux , H. , Beaudoin , M. and Grondin , F. A. 2000 . A model for the sawing and grading of lumber according to knots . Wood and Fiber Science , 32 : 179 – 188 .
  • Leverenz , J. W. and Hinckley , T. M. 1990 . Shoot structure, leaf area index and productivity of evergreen conifer stands . Tree Physiology , 6 : 135 – 149 .
  • Linder , S. and Flower-Ellis , J. G. K. 1992 . “ Environmental and physiological constraints to forest yield ” . In Responses of forest ecosystems to environmental changes , Edited by: Teller , A. , Mathy , P. and Jeffars , J. N. S. 149 – 164 . London : Elsevier .
  • McCullagh , P. and Nelder , J. A. 1989 . Generalized linear models , 2nd ed. , London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Maguire , D. A. and Hann , D. W. 1987 . A stem dissection technique for dating branch mortality and reconstructing past crown recession . Forest Science , 33 : 858 – 871 .
  • Maguire , D. A. , Kershaw , J. A. and Hann , D. A. 1991 . Predicting the effects of silvicultural regime on branch size and crown wood core in Douglas-fir . Forest Science , 37 : 1409 – 1428 .
  • Maguire , D. A. , Moeur , M. and Bennett , W. S. 1994 . Models for describing basal diameter and vertical distribution of primary branches in Douglas-fir . Forest Ecology and Management , 63 : 23 – 55 .
  • Mäkela , A. and Mäkinen , H. 2003 . Generating 3D sawlogs with a process-based growth model . Forest Ecology and Management , 184 : 337 – 354 .
  • Mäkelä , A. , Vanninen , P. and Ikonen , V.-P. 1997 . An application of process-based modelling to the development of the branchiness in Scots pine . Silva Fennica , 31 : 369 – 380 .
  • Mäkinen , H. 1999 . Growth, suppression, death, and self-pruning of branches of Scots pine in southern and central Finland . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 29 : 585 – 594 .
  • Mäkinen , H. and Colin , F. 1998 . Predicting branch angle and branch diameter of Scots pine from usual tree measurements and stand structural information . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 28 : 1686 – 1696 .
  • Mäkinen , H. and Colin , F. 1999 . Predicting the number, death, and self-pruning of branches in Scots pine . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 29 : 1225 – 1236 .
  • Meredieu , C. , Colin , F. and Hervé , J.-C. 1998 . Modelling branchiness of Corsican pine with mixed-effect models (Pinus nigra Arnold ssp. Laricio (Poiret) Maire) . Annales des Sciences Forestieres , 55 : 359 – 374 .
  • Merkel , O. (1967) . The effect of tree spacing on branch sizes in Spruce . Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung , 138 , 189 – 197 . (In German with English summary.)
  • Mitchell , K. J. 1975 . Dynamics and simulated yield of Douglas-fir . Forest Science Monograph , 17 : 1 – 39 .
  • Mitchell , K. J. 1988 . SYLVER: modelling the impact of silviculture on yield, lumber value, and economic return . Forestry Chronicle , 64 : 127 – 131 .
  • Moberg , L. 1999 . Variation in knot size of Pinus sylvestris in two initial spacing trials . Silva Fennica , 33 : 131 – 144 .
  • Moberg , L. 2000 . Models of internal knot diameter for Pinus sylvestris . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 15 : 177 – 187 .
  • Moberg , L. 2001 . Models of internal knot properties for Picea abies . Forest Ecology and Management , 147 : 123 – 138 .
  • Moberg , L. & Nordmark , U. (2006) . Predicting lumber volume and grade recovery for Scots pine stems using tree models and sawmill conversion simulation . Forest Products Journal . In press .
  • Morén , A. S. and Perttu , K. L. 1994 . Regional temperature and radiation indices and their adjustment to horizontal and inclined forest land . Studia Forestalia Suecica , 194 : 1 – 19 .
  • Nordmark , U. (2002) . Integrating the bucking operation with production control in sawmilling . Licentiate Thesis 2002:58. Luleå University of Technology, Skellefteå, Sweden .
  • Nylinder , P. (1959) . Aspects of quality production (Uppsatser nr 64) . Stockholm : Statens Skogsforskningsinstitut . (In Swedish with English summary.)
  • Oja , J. 1997 . A comparison between three different methods of measuring knot parameters in Picea abies . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 12 : 311 – 315 .
  • Oja , J. 2000 . Evaluation of knot parameters measured automatically in CT-images of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) . Holz als Roh und Werkstoff , 58 : 375 – 379 .
  • Øyen , O. & Høibø , O. A. (1999) . Sound-knot length in relation to crown wryness and the annual ring width for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) . In O. Øyen , Wood quality in old stands of Norway spruce . Doctor Scientarium Theses 1999:15. Department of Forest Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, Ås .
  • Øyen , O. , Høibø , O. A. and Vestøl , G. I. 1999 . “ Modelling the yield of sound-knot timber from Norway spruce ” . In IUFRO WP S5.01-04 Third Workshop: Connection between silviculture and wood quality through modelling approaches and simulation softwares , Edited by: Nepveu , G. 57 – 62 . Nancy : INRA .
  • Panshin , A. J. and de Zeeuw , C. 1980 . Textbook of wood technology , 4th ed. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Pape , R. 1999 . Effects of thinning regime on the wood properties and stem quality of Picea abies . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 14 : 38 – 50 .
  • Persson , A. (1977) . Quality development in young spacing trials with Scots pine (Research Notes No. 45) . Stockholm : Department of Forest Yield Research, Royal College of Forestry . (In Swedish with English summary.)
  • Pietilä , J. 1989 . Shape of Scots pine knots close to the stem pith . Silva Fennica , 26 : 287 – 299 .
  • Roeh , R. L. and Maguire , D. A. 1997 . Crown profile models based on branch attributes in coastal Douglas-fir . Forest Ecology and Management , 96 : 77 – 100 .
  • Romell , L. G. (1937) . Kvistrensning och övervallning hos okvistad och torrkvistad tall . Journal of Swedish Forest Society , 35 , 299 – 328 . (In Swedish with English summary.)
  • Rouvinen , S. and Kuuluvainen , T. 1997 . Structure and asymmetry of tree crowns in relation to local competition in a natural mature Scots pine forest . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 27 : 890 – 902 .
  • SAS Institute (1999) . SAS/STAT user's guide (Version 8) , Cary, NC : SAS Institute .
  • Skatter , S. and Kucera , B. 1998 . The cause of the prevalent directions of the spiral grain patterns in conifers . Trees , 12 : 265 – 273 .
  • Stiell , W. M. 1981 . Growth of clumped vs. equally spaced trees . Forestry Chronicle , 58 : 23 – 25 .
  • Todoroki , C. and Rönnqvist , M. 2002 . Dynamic control of timber production at a sawmill with log sawing optimization . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 17 : 79 – 89 .
  • Troeng , E. and Linder , S. 1981 . Gas exchange in a 20-year-old stand of Scots pine. II. Variation in net photosynthesis and transpiration within and between trees . Physiologica Plantarum , 54 : 15 – 23 .
  • Usenius , A. and Song , T. 1997 . “ Relating the product specification to the value yield in the wood conversion ” . In IUFRO WP S5.01-04 Second Workshop: Connection between silviculture and wood quality through modelling approaches and simulation softwares , Edited by: Nepveu , G. 259 – 263 . Nancy, , France : INRA .
  • Velling , P. & Tigerstedt , P. M. A. (1984) . Harvest index in a progeny test of Scots pine with reference to the model of selection . Silva Fennica , 18 , 21 – 32 . (In Finnish with English summary.)
  • Vestøl , G. I. and Høibø , O. A. 2000 . Internal distribution of sound and dead knots in Picea abies (L.) Karst . Holz als Roh und Werkstoff , 58 : 107 – 114 .
  • Vestøl , G. I. and Høibø , O. A. 2001 . Prediction of knot diameter in Picea abies (L.) Karst . Holz als Roh und Werkstoff , 59 : 129 – 136 .
  • Wegelius , T. 1940 . The presence and properties of knots in Finnish spruce . Acta Forestalia Fennica , 48 : 1 – 191 .
  • Weslien , H. (1995) . Missing growth rings in branches of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Sweden (Rep. No. 249) . Uppsala : Department of Forest Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences .
  • Wilhelmsson , L. , Arlinger , J. , Spångberg , K. , Lundqvist , S.-O. , Grahn , T. Hedenberg , O. 2002 . Models for predicting wood properties in stems of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Sweden . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 17 : 330 – 350 .
  • Zar , J. H. 1999 . Biostatistical analysis , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.