The effect of voice quality and competing speakers in a passage comprehension task: perceived effort in relation to cognitive functioning and performance in children with normal hearing

References

• Mattys SL, Davis MH, Bradlow AR, Scott SK. Speech recognition in adverse conditions: a review. Lang Cognitive Proc 2012;27:953–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritzell B. Voice disorders and occupation. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol 1996;21:7–12.
   Google Scholar
• Lyberg Åhlander V, Rydell R, Löfqvist A. How do teachers with self-reported voice problems differ from their peers with self-reported voice health? J Voice 2012;26:149–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton V, Watson DR. The impact of impaired vocal quality on children's ability to process spoken language. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol 2001;26:17–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogerson J, Dodd B. Is there an effect of dysphonic teachers’ voices on children's processing of spoken language? J Voice 2005;19:47–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharias SR, Kelchner LN, Creaghead N. Teachers’ perceptions of adolescent females with voice disorders. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2013;44:174–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyberg Åhlander V, Brännström KJ, Sahlén BS. On the interaction of speakers' voice quality, ambient noise and task complexity with children's listening comprehension and cognition. Front Psychol 2015;6:871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyberg Åhlander V, Haake M, Brännström J, et al. Does the speaker’s voice quality influence children's performance on a language comprehension test? Int J Speech Lang Pathol 2015;17:63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyberg Åhlander V, Holm L, Kastberg T, et al. Are children with stronger cognitive capacity more or less disturbed by classroom noise and dysphonic teachers? Int J Speech Lang Pathol 2015;17:577–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarrigle R, Munro KJ, Dawes P, et al. Listening effort and fatigue: what exactly are we measuring? A British Society of Audiology Cognition in Hearing Special Interest Group ‘white paper’. Int J Audiol 2014;53:433–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönnberg J. Cognition in the hearing impaired and deaf as a bridge between signal and dialogue: a framework and a model. Int J Audiol 2003;42:S68–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönnberg J, Rudner M, Foo C, Lunner T. Cognition counts: a working memory system for ease of language understanding (ELU). Int J Audiol 2008;47:S99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönnberg J, Rudner M, Lunner T, Zekveld AA. When cognition kicks in: working memory and speech understanding in noise. Noise Health 2010;12:263–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsby B, Hällgren M, Lyxell B, Arlinger S. Cognitive performance and perceived effort in speech processing tasks: effects of different noise backgrounds in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. Int J Audiol 2005;44:131–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudner M, Lunner T, Behrens T, et al. Working memory capacity may influence perceived effort during aided speech recognition in noise. J Am Acad Audiol 2012;23:577–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brännström KJ, Holm L, Lyberg Åhlander V, et al. Children's subjective ratings and opinions of typical and dysphonic voice after performing a language comprehension task in background noise. J Voice 2015;29:624–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brännström KJ, Kastberg T, von Lochow H, et al. The influence of voice quality on processing and recall performance in a working memory task - a study on school children with normal hearing. Submitted manuscript. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Connolly DM, Dockrell JE, Shield BM, et al. Adolescents’ perceptions of their school's acoustic environment: the development of an evidence based questionnaire. Noise Health 2013;15:269–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider BA, Trehub SE, Morrongiello BA, Thorpe LA. Developmental changes in masked thresholds. J Acoust Soc Am 1989;86:1733–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallon M, Trehub SE, Schneider BA. Children’s perception of speech in multitalker babble. J Acoust Soc Am 2000;108:3023–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner LA. Issues in human auditory development. J Commun Disord 2007;40:275–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman H, Sullivan JR. Children’s auditory working memory performance in degraded listening conditions. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2014;57:1503–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan V, Barret S. The development of phonemic categorization in children aged 6-12. J Phonetics 2000;28:377–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nittrouer S. The relation between speech perception and phonemic awareness: evidence from low-SES children and children with chronic OM. J Speech Hear Res 1996;39:1059–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hygge S, Boman E, Enmarker I. The effects of road traffic noise and meaningful irrelevant speech on different memory systems. Scand J Psychol 2003;44:13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hygge S, Evans GW, Bullinger M. A prospective study of some effects of aircraft noise on cognitive performance in schoolchildren. Psychol Sci 2002;13:469–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichora-Fuller MK, Schneider BA, Daneman M. How young and old adults listen to and remember speech in noise. J Acoust Soc Am 1995;97:593–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hällgren M, Larsby B, Lyxell B, Arlinger S. Evaluation of a cognitive test battery in young and elderly normal-hearing and hearing-impaired persons. J Am Acad Audiol 2001;12:357–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hua H, Emilsson M, Ellis R, et al. Cognitive skills and the effect of noise on perceived effort in employees with aided hearing impairment and normal hearing. Noise Health 2014;16:79–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wightman FL, Kistler DJ. Informational masking of speech in children: effects of ipsilateral and contralateral distracters. J Acoust Soc Am 2005;118:3164–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valente DL, Plevinsky HM, Franco JM, et al. Experimental investigation of the effects of the acoustical conditions in a simulated classroom on speech recognition and learning in children. J Acoust Soc Am 2012;131:232–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brungart DS. Informational and energetic masking effects in the perception of two simultaneous talkers. J Acoust Soc Am 2001;109:1101–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen S, Souza P, Ekelund C, Majeed AA. Listening to speech in a background of other talkers: effects of talker number and noise vocoding. J Acoust Soc Am 2013;133:2431–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO. ISO 8253-1. Acoustics: Audiometric test methods part 1: Basic pure tone air and bone conduction threshold audiometry. International Organization for Standardization 8253-1;1998.
   Google Scholar
• Semel EM, Wiig EH, Secord WA, Kort W, Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals – 4th ed. Boston (MA): Pearson Assessment; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Whitling S, Rydell R, Lyberg Åhlander V. Design of a clinical vocal loading test with long-time measurement of voice. J Voice 2015;29:261e13–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holube I, Fredelake S, Vlaming M, Kollmeier B. Development and analysis of an International Speech Test Signal (ISTS). Int J Audiol 2010;49:891–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TolvanData. Visual sort and rate - Visor. Available at: http://www.tolvan.com/index.php?page=/visor/visor.php; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Thorwall K, Godnattsagor om Anders, nästan 4. Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren; 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Chan KM, Li CM, Ma EP, et al. Noise levels in an urban Asian school environment. Noise Health 2015;17:48–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunner T, Sundewall-Thorén E. Interactions between cognition, compression, and listening conditions: effects on speech-in-noise performance in a two-channel hearing aid. J Am Acad Audiol 2007;18:604–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler D, WISC-IV Integrated. Wechsler intelligence scale for children – fourth edition – integrated [Manual]. London: Pearson Assessment; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Gaulin C, Campbell T. Procedure for assessing verbal working memory in normal school-age children: some preliminary data. Percept Mot Skills 1994;79:55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO 389-8. Acoustics: reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment. Part 8: reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones and circumaural earphones. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2004. P. 389–8.
   Google Scholar
• Rönnberg J, Lunner T, Zekveld A, et al. The ease of language understanding (ELU) model: theoretical, empirical, and clinical advances. Front Syst Neurosci 2013;7:31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohjanen A, Sandberg M, Arbetsminnet hos svenska fem-, sju- och nioåriga barn med normal språkutveckling. Lund: Lund University; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Sörqvist P, Ljungberg JK, Ljung R. A sub-process view of working memory capacity: evidence from effects of speech on prose memory. Memory 2010;18:310–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan JR, Osman H, Shafer EC. The effect of noise on the relationship between auditory working memory and comprehension in school-age children. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2015;58:1043–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klatte M, Lachmann T, Meis M. Effects of noise and reverberation on speech perception and listening comprehension of children and adults in a classroom-like setting. Noise Health 2010;12:270–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol 2013;64:135–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, et al. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex ‘Frontal Lobe’ tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol 2000;41:49–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar