What autism teaches us about communication

REFERENCES

• Asperger H. Die ‘autistischen Psychopathen’ im Kinde- salter. Arch Psychiatri Nervenkrank 1944; 117: 76–136.
   Google Scholar
• Attwood AH, Frith U, Hermelin B. The understanding and use of interpersonal gestures by autistic and Down’s syndrome children. J Autism Dev Disord 1988; 18: 241–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin DA. Early referential understanding: infants’ ability to recognize referential acts for what they are. Dev Psychol 1993; 29: 832–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltaxe CAM. Pragmatic deficits in the language of autistic adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol 1977; 2: 176–80.
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S. Perceptual role taking and protodeclarative pointing in autism. Br J Dev Psychol 1989a; 7: 113–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S. Out of sight or out of mind? Another look at deception in autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992; 33: 1141–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S. Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S, Allen J, Gillberg C. Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161: 839–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U. Does the autistic child have a ‘theory of mind’? Cognition 1985; 21: 37–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S, Tager-Flusberg H, Cohen DJ (Eds.). Understanding other minds: perspectives from autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Bowler DM. ‘Theory of mind’ in Asperger’s syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992; 33: 877–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine J, Bartolucci G, Ginsberg G, Szatmari P. The use of intonation to communicate in pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991; 32: 771–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher P, Happe´ F, Frith U, Baker SC, Dolan RJ, Frackowiak RSJ, et al. Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of ‘theory of mind’ story comprehension. Cognition 1995; 57: 109–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith U. Autism:explaining the enigma. Oxford: Black- well, 1989a.
   Google Scholar
• Frith U. A new look at language and communication in autism. Br J Dis Commun. 1989b; 24: 123–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asperger H. Translation and annotation of ‘Autistic psychopathy’ in childhood. In: Frith U (ed.). Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Frith U, Happe´ F. Language and communication in the autistic disorders. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 1994a; 346: 97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith U, Happe´ F, Siddons F. Autism and theory of mind in everyday life. Soc. Develop 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Frith U, Morton J, Leslie AM. The cognitive basis of a biological disorder: autism. Trends Neurosci 1991; 14: 433–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerland G. A real person. London: Souvenir Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Grandin T. My experiences as an autistic child and review of selected literature. J Orthomol Psychiatry 1984; 13: 144–75.
   Google Scholar
• Happe´ FGE. Communicative competence and theory of mind in autism: a test of Relevance theory. Cogni- tion 1993; 48: 101–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happe´ FGE. The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism. Child Dev 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Happe´ F, Frith U. The neuropsychology of autism. Brain 1996; 119: 1377–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happe´ F, Ehlers S, Fletcher P, Johansson M, Gillberg C, Frackowiak R, Frith C, Frith U. What autism reveals about ‘theory of mind’ in the brain: evidence from PET scanning. NeuroReport, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nerv Child 1943; 2: 217–50.
   Google Scholar
• Klin A. Young autistic children’s listening preferences in regard to speech: a possible characterisation of the symptom of social withdrawal. J Autism Dev Disord 1991; 21: 29–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie AM. Pretence and representation: the origins of ‘Theory of Mind’. Psychol Rev 1987; 94: 412–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie AM. Some implications of pretence for mecha- nisms underlying the child’s theory of mind. In: Asting- ton JW, Harris PL, Olson DR (eds.). Developing theories of mind. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Leslie AM, Frith U. Autistic children’s understanding of seeing, knowing and believing. Br J Develop Psychol 1988; 6: 315–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loveland K, Landry S. Joint attention and language in autism and developmental language delay. J Autism Dev Disord 1986; 16: 335–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundy P, Sigman M, Kasari C. Theory of mind and joint attention deficits in autism. In: Baron-Cohen S, Tager-Flusberg H, Cohen D (eds.). Understanding other minds: perspectives from autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Ozonoff S, Rogers SJ, Pennington BF. Asperger’s syn- drome: evidence of an empirical distinction from high- functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991; 32: 1107–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul R. Communication. In: Cohen DJ, Donnellan AM, Paul R(eds.). Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. New York: Wiley, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Paul R, Cohen DJ. Comprehension of indirect requests in adults with mental retardation and pervasive develop- mental disorders. J Speech Hear Res 1985; 28: 475–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perner J, Frith U, Leslie AM, Leekam SR. Exploration of the autistic child’s theory of mind: knowledge, belief, and communication. Child Dev 1989; 60: 689–700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perner J, Wimmer H. John thinks that Mary thinks that…’. Attribution of second-order beliefs by 5–10 year old children. J Exp Child Psychol 1985; 39: 437–71.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips W, Baron-Cohen S, Rutter M. The role of eye-contact in the detection of goals: evidence from normal toddlers and children with autism or mental handicap. Dev Psychopathol 1992; 4: 375–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperber D, Wilson D. Relevance: communication and cognition. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Tager-Flusberg H. What language reveals about the understanding of minds in children with autism. In: Baron-Cohen S, Tager-Flusberg H, Cohen DJ (eds.). Understanding other minds: perspectives from autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Tantam DJH. Asperger’s syndrome in adulthood. In: Frith U (ed.). Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Tomasello M. The role of joint attentional processes in early language development. Lang Sci 1988; 10: 69–88.
   Google Scholar
• Tomasello M. The social bases of language acquisition. Soc Develop 1992; 1: 68–87.
   Google Scholar
• Volden J, Lord C. Neologisms and idiosyncratic lan- guage in autistic speakers. J Autism Dev Disord 1991; 21: 109–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing L, Gould J. Severe impairments of social interac- tion and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiol- ogy and classification. J Autism Dev Disord 1979; 9: 11–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D. Nobody nowhere. London: Doubleday, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1992) The International classification of diseases: tenth revision. Classification of mental and behavioural disorders — clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Orga- nization.
   Google Scholar