1,612
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
INVITED ARTICLES

Carbohydrate restriction as the default treatment for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome

&
Pages 256-263 | Received 21 Feb 2008, Published online: 12 Jul 2009

References

  • Ravnskov U. The cholesterol myths: Exposing the fallacy that cholesterol and saturated fat cause heart disease. NewTrends Publishing, Inc, Washington, DC 2000
  • Taubes G. Good calories, bad calories. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2007
  • Forsythe C, Phinney S, Fernandez M, Quann EE, Wood RJ, Bibus DM, et al. Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation. Lipids. 2008; 43: 65–77
  • Volek J, Bibus, DM, Fernandez, ML, Forsythe, CE, Quann, E, Silvestre, R, et al. A hypocaloric very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet results in a greater reduction in the percent and absolute amount of plasma triglyceride saturated fatty acids compared to a low fat diet NAASO, Boston, MA, October, 2006.
  • Volek JS, Feinman RD. Carbohydrate restriction improves the features of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2005; 2: 31
  • Enns CK, Goldman JD, Cook A. Trends in food and nutrient intakes by adults: NFCS 1977–78, CSFII 1989–91, and CSFII 1994–95. Family Econ Nutr Rev 1997; 10: 2–15
  • Karam J, Nessim F, McFarlane S, Feinman R. Carbohydrate restriction and cardiovascular risk Curr Reports Cardiovasc Risk. 2008; March.
  • Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Forsythe CE. Modification of lipoproteins by very low-carbohydrate diets. J Nutr. 2005; 135: 1339–42
  • Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004; 53: 2375–82
  • Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1392–8
  • Dashti HM, Mathew TC, Hussein T, Asfar SK, Behbahani A, Khoursheed MA, et al. Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2004; 9: 200–5
  • Nielsen JV, Joensson EA. Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycaemic control during 22 months follow-up. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2006; 3: 22
  • et al. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes–2007 Diabetes Care. 2007;30((Suppl 1)):S48–S65.
  • Feinman RD, Vernon MC, Westman EC. Low carbohydrate diets in family practice: What can we learn from an internet-based support group. Nutr J. 2006; 5: 26
  • Yancy WS, Jr, Foy M, Chalecki AM, Vernon MC, Westman EC. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2005; 2: 34
  • Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP. Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 142: 403–11
  • Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2005; 365(9468)1415–28
  • Krauss RM, Blanche PJ, Rawlings RS, Fernstrom HS, Williams PT. Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83: 1025–31
  • Cha JY, Repa JJ. The liver X receptor (LXR) and hepatic lipogenesis. The carbohydrate-response element-binding protein is a target gene of LXR. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 743–51
  • Zhang W, Patil S, Chauhan B, Guo S, Powell DR, Le J, et al. FoxO1 regulates multiple metabolic pathways in the liver: Effects on gluconeogenic, glycolytic, and lipogenic gene expression. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281: 10105–17
  • Krieger JW, Sitren HS, Daniels MJ, Langkamp-Henken B. Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: A meta-regression 1. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83: 260–74
  • Westman EC, Feinman RD, Mavropoulos JC, Vernon MC, Volek JS, Wortman JA, et al. Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 86: 276–84
  • Feinman R, Fine E. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and energy efficiency in weight loss diets. Theor Biol Med Model. 2007; 4: 27
  • Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes. 2005; 54: 1615–25

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.