Abnormal T-wave axis is associated with coronary artery calcification in older adults

References

• Kors JA, de Bruyne MC, Hoes AW, van Herpen G, Hofman A, van Bemmel JH, et al. T-axis as an indicator of risk of cardiac events in elderly people. Lancet. 1998; 352: 601–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautaharju PM, Nelson JC, Kronmal RA, Zhang ZM, Robbins J, Gottdiener JS, et al. Usefulness of T-axis deviation as an independent risk indicator for incident cardiac events in older men and women free from coronary heart disease (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol. 2001; 88: 118–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alagiakrishnan K, Beitel JD, Graham MM, Southern D, Knudtson M, Ghali WA, et al. Relation of T-axis abnormalities to coronary artery disease and survival after cardiac catheterization. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96: 639–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation. 1995; 92: 2157–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangiorgi G, Rumberger JA, Severson A, Edwards WD, Gregoire J, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: A histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31: 126–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haberl R, Becker A, Leber A, Knez A, Becker C, Lang C, et al. Correlation of coronary calcification and angiographically documented stenoses in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: Results of 1,764 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 451–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detrano RC, Anderson M, Nelson J, Wong ND, Carr JJ, McNitt-Gray M, et al. Coronary calcium measurements: Effect of CT scanner type and calcium measure on rescan reproducibility–MESA study. Radiology. 2005; 236: 477–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Oei HH, van Dijck W, van Rooij FJ, et al. Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly. Circulation. 2005; 112: 572–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdsson E, Thorgeirsson G, Sigvaldason H, Sigfusson N. Prevalence of coronary heart disease in Icelandic men –1986. The Reykjavik Study. Eur Heart J. ;14 1968; 1993: 584–91
   Google Scholar
• Rose G, McCartney P, Reid DD. Self-administration of a questionnaire on chest pain and intermittent claudication. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1977; 31: 42–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prineas R, Crow RS, Blackburn H. The Minnesota code manual of electrocardiographic findings: standards and procedures for measurement and classification. Wright PSG, Boston 1982
   Google Scholar
• Farrell R. Axis calculation by the 12SL Program. General Electric Publication. 2005
   Google Scholar
• Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, Detrano R, Diez Roux AV, Folsom AR, et al. Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: Objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002; 156: 871–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M, Jr, Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990; 15: 827–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohlenkamp S, Schmermund A, Lehmann N, Roggenbuck U, Dragano N, Stang A, et al. Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and resting ECG abnormalities in an unselected general population. Atherosclerosis. 2008; 196: 786–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prineas RJ, Grandits G, Rautaharju PM, Cohen JD, Zhang ZM, Crow RS. Long-term prognostic significance of isolated minor electrocardiographic T-wave abnormalities in middle-aged men free of clinical cardiovascular disease (The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial [MRFIT]). Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90: 1391–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidean GD, Rautaharju PM, Prineas RJ, Whitsel EA, Chambless LE, Folsom AR, et al. The association of spatial T-wave axis deviation with incident coronary events. The ARIC cohort. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005; 5: 2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kardys I, Kors JA, van der Meer IM, Hofman A, van der Kuip DA, Witteman JC. Spatial QRS-T angle predicts cardiac death in a general population. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24: 1357–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki T, Froelicher VF, Myers J, Chun S, Wang P. Spatial QRS-T angle predicts cardiac death in a clinical population. Heart Rhythm. 2005; 2: 73–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautaharju PM, Prineas RJ, Zhang ZM. A simple procedure for estimation of the spatial QRS/T angle from the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram. J Electrocardiol. 2007; 40: 300–04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidean GD, Schroeder EB, Whitsel EA, Prineas RJ, Chambless LE, Perhac JS, et al. Short-term repeatability of electrocardiographic spatial T-wave axis and QT interval. J Electrocardiol. 2005; 38: 139–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott RD, Ueshima H, Masaki KH, Willcox BJ, Rodriguez BL, Ikeda A, et al. Coronary artery calcification and total mortality in elderly men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55: 1948–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunold P, Vogt FM, Schmermund A, Debatin JF, Kerkhoff G, Budde T, et al. Radiation exposure during cardiac CT: Effective doses at multi-detector row CT and electron-beam CT. Radiology. 2003; 226: 145–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Bonow RO, Brundage BH, Budoff MJ, Eisenberg MJ, Grundy SM, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography). Circulation 2007; 115: 402–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger WH, Jr, Sun WH, Binkley N, Kouba E, Ershler W. Interleukin-6 causes hypocholesterolemia in middle-aged and old rhesus monkeys. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995; 50: M137–M140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindahl B, Toss H, Siegbahn A, Venge P, Wallentin L. Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1139–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 973–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar