REFERENCES
- Waddell G. A new clinical model for the treat- ment of low back pain. Spine 1987;12:632–44.
- Philips H. Avoidance behaviour and its role in sustaining chronic pain. Behav Res Ther 1987;25:273–9.
- Vlaeyen J, Kole-Snijders A, Boeren R, van Eek H. Fear of movement:(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral perfor- mance. Pain 1995;62:363 –72.
- Waddell G, Newton M, Henderson I, Somerville D, Main C. A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Question- naire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidanc e beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain 1993;52:157–68.
- Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying the- ory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 1977;84:191–215.
- Bandura A. Self-efficacy. The exercise of con- trol. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1997.
- Jensen M, Turner J, Romano J, Karoly P. Cop- ing with chronic pain: a critical review of the liter- ature. Pain 1991;47:249–83.
- Fordyce W. Behavioral methods for chronic pain and illness. St. Louis: Mosby, 1976.
- Harding V. Application of the cognitive – be- havioural approach. In: Pitt-Broke J, Heather R, Lockwood J, Kerr K, editors. Rehabilitation of movement. Theoretical basis of clinical practice. London: WB Saunders Company Ltd, 1998: 539–83.
- Dekker J. Behavioral science and physical ther- apy. In: Dekker J, Oostendorp R, editors. Confer- ence Improving the Quality of Physical Therapy; 1994;’s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands: The Netherlands Institute of Primary Health Care (NIVEL). The Dutch National Institute for Re- search and Postgraduate Education in Physical Therapy (SWSF), 1994: 49–55.
- Harding V, C de C Williams A. Extending physiotherapy skills using a psychological approach: cognitive – behavioural management of chronic pain. Physiotherapy 1995;81: 681–8.
- Harding V, C de C Williams A. Applying psy- chology to enhance physiotherapy outcome. Physio- ther Theory Practice 1995;11:129–32.
- Sluijs E, Knibbe J. Patient compliance with ex- ercise: different theoretical approaches to short- term and long-term compliance. Patient Educ Couns 1991;17:191–204.
- Johansson E, Lindberg P. Clinical evaluation of a physiotherapy rehabilitation programme for patients with chronic low back pain: three experimental single-case studies with 1-year follow-up. Physiother Theory Practice 1995;11:133–50.
- Lindstro¨m I, OÈ hlund C, Eek C, et al. The ef- fect of graded activity on patients with subacute low back pain: a randomized prospective clinical study with an operant-conditioning behavioral ap-proach. Phys Ther 1992;72:279–92.
- Martinez A, Simmonds M, Novy D. Physio- therapy for patients with chronic pain: an operant behavioural approach. Physiother Theory Practice 1997;13:97–108.
- Campello M, Nordin M, Weiser S. Physical exercise and low back pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1996;6:63–72.
- Panjabi M. The stabilizing system of the spine. Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaption, and en- hancement. J Spinal Disord 1992;5:383–9.
- Panjabi M. The stabilizing system of the spine. Part II. Neutral zone and instability hypothesis. J Spinal Disord 1992;5:390–7.
- Sturmey P. Functional analysis in clinical psy- chology. Chichester: Wiley, 1996.
- Kaplan R, Sallis J, Patterson T. Health and human behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1993.
- Turk D, Salovey P. Cognitive – behavioral treat- ment of illness behavior. In: Nicassio P, Smith T, editors. Managing chronic illness. A biopsychoso- cial perspective. Washington DC: American Psycho- logical Association, 1995: 245–84.
- Nicholas M. Chronic pain. In: Wilson P, edi- tor. Principles and practice of relapse prevention. New York: The Guilford Press, 1992.
- Wilson P. Relapse prevention: conceptual and methodological issues. In: Wilson P, editor. Princi- ples and practice of relapse prevention. New York: The Guilford Press, 1992.
- Kazdin A. Single-case research designs. Meth- ods for clinical and applied settings. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
- Bloom M, Fisher J. Evaluating practice: guideli- nes for the accountable professional. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1982.
- Jull G, Janda V. Muscles and motor control in low back pain. In: Twomey L, Taylor J, editors. Clinics of physical therapy. Physical therapy of the low back. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1987.
- Roland M, Morris R. A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reli- able and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain. Spine 1983;8:141–4.
- Bergner M, Bobbit R, Carter W, Gilson B. The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revi- sion of a health status measure. Med Care 1981;19:787–805.
- Johansson E, Lindberg P. Subacute and chronic low back pain. Reliability and validity of a Swedish version of the Roland and Morris Disabil- ity Questionnaire. Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30:139–43.
- Estlander A-M, Vanharanta H, Moneta G, Kaivanto K. Anthropometric variables, self-efficacy beliefs, and pain and disability ratings on the isoki- netic performance of low back pain patients. Spine 1994;19:941–7.
- Kaivanto K, Estlander A-M, Moneta G, Vaha- ranta H. Isokinetic performance in low back pain patients: the predictive power of the Self-Efficacy Scale. J Occup Rehab 1995;5:87–99.
- Johansson E. Exercise-based physiotherapy management of patients with persistent, non-spe- cific low back pain. A cognitive – behavioural ap-proach to assessment and treatment in a primary care setting. Thesis, Uppsala University, 1999.
- Chibnall J, Tait R. The Quality of Life Scale: a preliminary study with chronic pain patients. Psy- chol Health 1990;4:283–92.
- Rosenstiel A, Keefe F. The use of coping strate- gies in chronic low back pain patients: relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain 1983;17:33–44.
- Jensen I, Linton S. Coping Strategies Question- naire (CSQ): reliability of the Swedish version of the CSQ. Scand J Behav Ther 1993;22:139–45.
- Fitts P. Perceptual motor skill learning. In: Melton A, editor. Categories of human learning. New York: Academic Press, 1964.
- Marteniuk R. Motor skill performance and learning: considerations for rehabilitation. Physio- ther Can 1979;31:187–202.
- Asmundson G, Taylor S. Role of anxiety sensi- tivity in pain-related fear and avoidance. J Behav Med 1996;19:577–86.
- Asmundson G, Norton G, Allerdings M. Fear and avoidance in dysfunctional chronic back pain patients. Pain 1997;69:231–6.
- Crombez G, Vervaet L, Baeyens F, Lysens R, Eelen P. Do pain expectancies cause pain in chronic low back patients? A clinical investigation. Behav Res Ther 1996;34:919–5.
- Crombez G, Vervaet L, Lysens R, Baeyens F, Eelen P. Avoidance and confrontation of painful, back-straining movements in chronic back patients. Behav Modificat 1998;22:62–77.
- Murphy D, Lindsay S, C de C Williams A. Chronic low back pain: predictions of pain and relationship to anxiety and avoidance. Behav Res Ther 1997;35:231–8.
- Turk D, Rudy T. Neglected topics in the treat- ment of chronic pain patients: relapse, non-compli- ance and adherence enhancement. Pain 1991;44:5–28.
- Kazdin A. Drawing valid inferences from case studies. J Consult Clin Psychol 1981; 49:183–92.PeckC, Coleman G. Implications of placebo theory for clinical research and practice in pain management. Theor Med 1991;12:247–70.