The Relationship Between Black Racial Identity and Academic Achievement in Urban Settings

References

• Anderson , J. 1988 . The education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arnett , J. 2001 . Adolescence and emerging adulthood , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Aronson , J. , Quinn , D. and Spencer , S. 1998 . “ Stereotype threat and the academic underperformance of minorities and women ” . In Prejudice: The target's perspective , Edited by: Swim , J. and Stangor , C. 83 – 103 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Aronson , J. , Fried , C. and Good , C. 2002 . Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 38 : 113 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo , C. and Zigler , E. 1995 . Racial identity, academic achievement and the psychological well-being of economically disadvantaged adolescents . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 903 – 914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assante , M. 1991 . The Afrocentric idea in education . Journal of Negro Education. , 60 : 170 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Ball , A. 2000 . Empowering pedagogies that enhance the learning of multicultural students . The Teachers College Record , 6 : 1006 – 1034 .
   Google Scholar
• Chavous , T. , Bernat , D. , Schmeelk-Cone , K. , Caldwell , C. , Kohn-Wood , L. and Zimmerman , M. 2003 . Racial identity and academic attainment among African American adolescents . Child Development , 74 : 1076 – 1090 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , K. and Clark , M. 1939 . The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro pre-school children . Journal of Social Psychology , 10 : 591 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , S. and Brown , C. 1990 . Ready from within: Septima Clark and the civil rights movement , Lawrenceville, NJ : African World Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , E. and Stewart , A. 1996 . Meanings of political participation among Black and white women: Political identity and social responsibility . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 : 130 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross , W. 1991 . Shades of Black: Diversity in African American identity , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cross , W. 1995 . “ Oppositional identity and African American youth: Issues and Prospects ” . In Toward a common destiny: Improving race and ethnic relations in America , Edited by: Hawley , W. D. and Jackson , A. W. 185 – 204 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Cross , W. 1998 . “ Black psychological functioning and the legacy of slavery ” . In International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma , Edited by: Danieli , Y. 387 – 400 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Cross , W. , Strauss , L. and Fhagen-Smith , P. 1999 . “ African American identity development across the life span: Educational implications ” . In Racial and ethnic identity in school practices: Aspects of human development , Edited by: Sheets , R. H. and Hollins , E. R. 29 – 47 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Erikson , E. 1968 . Identity: Youth and crisis , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , D. 1992 . Self-perceptions of underachievement and support for the achievement ideology among early adolescent African Americans . Journal of Early Adolescence , 12 : 228 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Fordham , S. and Ogbu , J. 1986 . Black students' school success: Coping with the burden of acting White . Urban Review , 18 : 176 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Fordham , S. 1988 . Racelessness as a factor in Black students school success: Pragmatic strategy or pyrrhic victory? . Harvard Educational Review , 58 : 54 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fordham , S. 1996 . Blacked out: Dilemmas of race, identity and success at Capital High , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , S. , Taylor , A. and Hudley , C. 1998 . Exploring achievement values among ethnic minority early adolescents . Journal of Educational Psychology , 90 : 606 – 620 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale , J. 1994 . Unbank the fire , Baltimore : John Hopkins .
   Google Scholar
• Haycock , K. 2001 . Helping all students achieve: Closing the achievement gap . Educational Leadership , 58 : 6 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms , J. 1990 . “ Applying the interaction model to social dyads ” . In Black and white racial identity: Theory research and practice , Edited by: Helms , J. 177 – 186 . Westport, CT : Praegar .
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz , R. 1939 . Racial aspects of self-identification in nursery school children . Journal of Psychology , 7 : 91 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , M. and Demo , D. 1989 . Self-perceptions of Black Americans: Self-esteem and personal efficacy . American Journal of Sociology , 95 : 132 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph , P. 2006 . Waiting 'til the midnight hour , New York : Holt and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Kozol , J. 2005 . The shame of the nation: The restoration of apartheid schooling in America , Boston : Three Rivers .
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings , G. 1994 . The dreamkeepers: Successful teachers of African American children , San Francisco : Jossey Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Moshman , D. 1999 . Adolescent psychological development: Rationality, morality and identity , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , C. , Stokes , J. and Peacock , J. 1999 . “ Racial socialization of African American children: A review ” . In African American children, youth and parenting , Edited by: Jones , R. L. 209 – 230 . Hampton, VA : Cobb and Henry .
   Google Scholar
• Ogbu , J. 2004 . Collective identity and the burden of “acting White” in Black History, Community and Education . The Urban Review , 36 : 1 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Osborne , J. 1997 . Race and academic disidentification . Journal of Educational Psychology , 89 : 728 – 735 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman , D. , Gant , L. and Ager , J. 1995 . A socially contextualized model of African American identity: Possible selves and school persistence . Journal of Personal Social Psychology , 69 : 1216 – 1232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , T. , Steele , C. and Hilliard , A. III . 2003 . Young, gifted and Black: Promoting high achievement among African American students , Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , J. 1971 . Black child, white child: The development of racial attitudes , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sellers , R. , Chavous , T. and Cooke , D. 1998 . Racial ideology and racial centrality as predictors of African American college students academic performance . Journal of Black Psychology , 24 : 8 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Shelley , M. 1818 . Frankenstein , New York : Bantam .
   Google Scholar
• Slavin , R. 1991 . Cooperative learning: Theory, research, and practice , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , E. , Atkins , J. and Connell , C. 2003 . Family, school and community factors and relationships to racial-ethnic attitudes and academic achievement . American Journal of Community Psychology , 32 : 159 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele , C. 1992 . Race and the schooling of Black Americans . Atlantic Monthly , 284 April : 68 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Steele , C. and Aronson , J. 1995 . Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 797 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatum , B. 1997 . Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria , New York : Basic .
   Google Scholar
• Walberg , H. and Genova , W. 1983 . School practices and climates that promote integration . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 8 : 87 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , L. 2003 . Why is classroom management so vexing to urban teachers? . Theory Into Practice , 42 : 305 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley , R. 1993 . What Black people should do now , New York : Ballantine .
   Google Scholar
• Witherspoon , K. , Speight , S. and Thomas , A. 1997 . Racial identity attitudes, school achievement, and academic self-efficacy among African American high school students . Journal of Black Psychology , 23 : 344 – 357 .
   Google Scholar