References
- Amey C. H., & Albrecht, S. L. (1998) Race and ethnic differences in adolescent drug use: The impact of family structure and quantity and quality of parentingal interaction. Journal of Drug Issues, 28, 283–98.
- Bhana, A., Flisher, A. J., & Parry, C. D. H. (1999) School survey of substance use among students in grades 8 and 11 in the Durban metro region. South African Journal of Child Adolescent Mental Health, 11, 131–132.
- Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J.D. (1996). The Social Development Model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In Richard F. Catalano & J. David Hawkins (Eds.). Delinquency and Crime (pp 149–197). Washington DC. US Government Printing Press.
- Colson, E., & Scudder, T. (1988). For prayer and profit: The ritual, economic and social importance of beer in Gwembe District, Zambia. Stanford: Stanford University press.
- Curry, R. (1987). A framework for national alcohol programmes in developing countries, British Journal of Addiction, 82, 721–726.
- Department of Health & Welfare, Limpopo Province Annual Report. Antenatal survey, Polokwane, 2001.
- Duncan, T. E., Duncan S. C., & Hops, H. (1998) Latent variable modeling of longitudinal and multilevel alcohol use data. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 399–408.
- Du Toit, B. M. (1991). Cannabis, Alcohol and The South African Student. Africa Series, No 59. Ohio: University Press.
- Eide, A. H., & Acuda, S. W. (1995). Drug use among secondary school students in Zimbabwe. Addiction, 90, 1517–1527.
- Flisher, A.J., Joubert G., & Yach, D. (1992a). Mortality from external causes in South Africa adolescents. South African Medical Journal, 81, 77–80.
- Flisher, A. J., Ziervogel C. F., Chalton D. O., & Robertson B. A. (1993). Risk-taking behaviour of cape peninsula high school students: Part IV Alcohol Use. South African Medical Journal, 83, 480–482.
- Flisher A. J. and Chalton, D. O. High school dropouts in a working-class South African community:;selected characteristics and risk-taking behavior. Journal of Adolescence. 1995, 18: 105–121.
- Flisher, A. J., Ziervogel C.F., Chalton, D.O., Leger P., & Robertson, B. A. Rish-taking behavior of Cape Peninsula high school students. Evidence for a syndrome of adolescent risk behavior. South African Medical Journal, 86, 1090–1093 (1996).
- Flisher, A. J., Parry C. D. H., Muller, M., & Lombard, C. (2002) Stages of substance use among adolescents in cape town, South Africa. Journal of Substance Use, 7, 162–167.
- Flisher A. J., Parry C. D. H., Evans J. Muller M., & Lombard C. (2003). Substance use by adolescents in Cape Town: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 58–65.
- Gumede, M. V. (1995) Alcohol use and abuse in South Africa: a socio-medical problem. Pietermarizburg: Reach Out Publishers.
- Heath, D. (1991). A decade of development in anthropological study on alcohol use: 1970–1980. In M. Douglas (Ed.) Constructive drinking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Horton, D. (1943). The function of alcohol in primitive societies: a cross-cultural study, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 4, 199–320.
- Hoffmann, J. P., & Johnson, R. A. (1998). A national portrait of family structure and adolescent drug use. Journal of Marriage and family, 60, 633–45.
- Jones, S. P., & Heaven C. L. (1998) Psychological correlates of adolescent drug-taking behavior. Journal Adolescence, 21, 127–34.
- Knodel, J. (1994). Conducting comparative focus group research: Cautionary comments from a coordinator. Health Transition Review, 4(1), 99–104.
- Lankshear, A. J. (1993). The use of focus groups in a study of attitudes to student nurse assessment, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 1986–89.
- Leite, J. S., & Parrish, J. K. (1994). Why kids are the way they are. Adolescence, 7, 52–54.
- Limpopo Province Department of Education (2004). Annual report. Polokwane.
- Louw, A., & Parry, C. D. H. (1999) Drugs, alcohol and crime: A survey of arrestees. Nedcor/ISS Crime Index, 3, 7–11.
- Madu, S. N., & Matla, M. P. (2003). The prevalence of suicidal behaviors among secondary school adolescents in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 33(2), 126–132.
- Mandelbaum, D. G. (1965). Alcohol and culture. Current Anthropology, 6, 281–288.
- Marshall, M. (1979). (Ed.) Beliefs, Behaviors & Alcoholic Beverages. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
- Morojele, N. (1997). Adolescent alcohol misuse. In C. de la Rey, N. Dunvan, T. Shefer, & A. van Niekerk (Eds.), Contemporary issues in human development: A South African perspective (pp. 207–232). Johannesburg:
- Morojele N. K., Parry C.D.H., Ziervogel C. F., & Robertson B. A. (2000). Prediction of binge drinking intentions of female school-leavers in Cape Town, South Africa, using the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Substance Use, 5, 240–251.
- Morojele N. K., Parry C. D. H., Ziervogel C. F., & Robertson B. A. (2001). Adolescent Alcohol misuse: Correlates and implications. African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, 1(2), 110–124.
- Morojele, N. K., Flisher, A. J., Muller, M., & Ziervogel, C. J. (2002). Measurement of risk and protective factors for drug use and anti-social behaviour among high school students in South Africa. Journal of Drug Education, 32, 25–39.
- Nkonzo-Mtembu, L. L. (1994). An investigation of the opinions of black adolescents in the Esikhawini area of Kwa-Zulu in regard to the use and abuse of alcohol. Curationis, 17(4), 50–53.
- Odejide, O. A., Ohaeri, J. U., Adelekan, M. L., & Ikuesan, B. A. (1987). Drinking behaviour and social change among youths in Nigeria: A study of two cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 20, 227–233.
- O'Malley, P., Bachman, J., & Johnson, L. (1983). Reliability and consistency in self—reports of drug use. International Journal of the Addictions, 18, 805–824.
- Onya H. E. (2005). A qualitative study of home brewed alcohol use among adolescents In Mankweng District, Limpopo Province, South African. In N. S. Madu, & S. Govender (Eds.), Mental health and psychology in Africa (pp. 291–307). Polokwane (Pietersburg): University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus) Press.
- Parry C. D. H., (1997). Alcohol, drug abuse and public health. In D. Foster, M. Freeman, & Y. Pillay (Eds.), Mental health policy issues for South Africa (pp. 290–315). Pinelands: Cape Town: Medical Association of South Africa.
- Parry C. D. H., & Bennetts A. L. 1998. Alcohol and public health in South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.
- Parry, C.D.H. (1999). Drug misuse and the environment: A developing country perspective. Addiction, 94, 1300–1301.
- Parry, C. D. H. (2000). Alcohol problems in developing countries: Challenges for the new millennium. Suchtmedizin in Forse hung und Praxis, 2, 216–220.
- Parry, C. D. H. (2001).Alcohol and other drug use. In A. Ntuli, N. Crisp, E. Clarke, & P. Barron (Eds.) 2000 South African Health Review (pp. 441–454). Durban: Health Systems Trust.
- Parry, C.D.H., Bhana A., Pluddemann A., Flisher A. J., Peden, M., & Morojele N. K. (2002) Alcohol use in South Africa: Findings from the South African community epidemiology network on drug use (SACENDU) project. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 430–435.
- Partanen, J. (1991). Sociability and intoxication, alcohol and drinking in Kenya, Africa and the modern world (Helsinki, The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies)
- Peltzer, K. (2003). Drinking motives, behaviour and problems among black South African university students. African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, 2(1,2), 1–10.
- Peltzer, K., Cherian, V.L., & Cherian L. (1999). Substance use among urban secondary school pupils in the Northern province, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 11(1), 49–55.
- Peltzer, K., & Phaswana, N. (1999). Substance use among South African university students: A quantitative and qualitative study. Urban Health and Development Bulletin, 2(1), 37–45.
- Peltzer, K. (1999). Substance use In rural primary health care patients in the northern province. In C. D. H. Parry, A. Bhana, J. Balley, H. Potgieter, & M. Lowrie (Eds.), South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU) Monitoring Alcohol and Drug Abuse Trends. Proceedings of Report Back Meeting, Medical Research Council: Tygerberg.
- Peltzer, K., & Cherian, L. (2000) Substance abuse among urban and rural secondary school pupils in Psychological reports, 87(2), 582–584.
- Pluddemann, A., & Theron, W. H. (1999). The relationship between adolescent alcohol use and self-consciousness. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 44(3), 10–20.
- Pope, C., & Mays N., (1995). Reaching the parts other methods cannot reach: An introduction to qualitative methods in health and health services. British Medical Journal, 311, 42–45.
- Prendergast, M.L., (1994). Substance use and abuse among college students: A review of recent literature. Journal of American College Health, 43, 99–113.
- Reddy, S. P., Panday, S., Swart, D., Jinabhai, C.C., Amosun, S. L., James, S., Monyeki, K. D., Stevens G., Morejele, N., Kambaran, N. S., Omardien, R. G., & Van den Borne, H. W. (2003). Umthenthe Uhlaba Usamila: The South African Youth Risk Behaviour Survey 2002. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council.
- Robins, L. (1973). A follow-up of Vietnam drug users: Special action office monograph, series A, No. 1. Washington, D. C. No. 1 (Washington, D. C., Special Office for Drug Abuse Prevention).
- Rocha-Silva L., de Miranda S., & Erasmus R. (1996). Alcohol, tobacco and other drug use among South African Youth. Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria.
- Schmidt, J. J. (1976). The use of alcohol and tobacco among blacks. Institute for sociological, demographic, and criminological research. Pretoria.
- Shucksmith, J., Glendinning, A., & Hendry, L. (1997). Adolescent drinking behaviour and the role of family life: A Scottish perspective. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 85–101.
- Siegfried, N., Parry C.D.H. Evidence-Based alcohol and other drug policy: A developing country perspective. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies. 2003, 2, 11–30.
- Single, E., Kandel, D., & Johnson B. (1975). The reliability and validity of drug use response in a large scale longitudinal survey, Journal of Drug Issues, 5, 426–443.
- Strauss, A.L., & Corbin J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Statistics South Africa (2000). Pretoria.
- Swadi, H. (1987). Methodological problems in adolescent substance abuse research. Paperpresented at the November meeting of the Child Psychiatry Research Society, London.
- Wagenaar, A.C., Finnegan, J.R., Wolfson, M., Anstine, P.S., Williams, C.L., & Perry, C.L. (1993) Where and how adolescents obtain alcoholic beverages. Public Health Reports, 108(4), 459–464.
- Wagenaar, A. C. (1993). Research affects public policy: the case of the legal drinking age in the United States. Addiction, 88(Supplement), 75S–81S.
- Wolcott, H. F. (1974). The African beer gardens of bulawayo, integrated drinking in a segregated society. New Jersey: Rutgers Centre of Alcohol Studies.
- Wyllie, A. & Casswell, S. A. (1991). Qualitative investigation of young men's drinking in New Zealand. Health Education Research: Theory and Practice, 6, 49–55.
- Ziervogel, C. F., Ahmed, N., Flisher A. J., & Robertson, B. A. (1997). Alcohol misuse in South African Adolescents: A qualitative investigation. International Journal Quarterly of Community Health Education, 17(1), 25–41.
- Ziervogel, C. F., Morojele N. K., van der Riet, J. Parry, C. D. H., & Robertson, B. A. (1997). A qualitative investigation alcohol drinking among male high school students from three communities in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. International Journal Quarterly of Community Health Education, 17(3), 271–295.