A Cross-Cultural Exploration: Body Image in Older Black and White Women in the Workplace

References

• Abrams, K.K., Allen, L., & Gray, J.J. (1993). Socio-cultural influences on eating attitudes and behaviours, body image and psychological functioning: A comparison of African-American, Asian-American and Caucasian college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 181–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altebe, M., & Thompson, J.K. (1993). Body image changes during early adulthood. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13, 323–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington: APA Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bemporad, E.R. (1996). Self starvation through the ages: Reflections on the pre-history of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 217–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumberg, J.J. (1989). Fasting girls: The history of anorexia nervosa. New York: Plume.
   Google Scholar
• Carados, A.A., Lambert, E.V., & Charlton, K.E. (2001). An ethnic comparison of eating attitudes and associated body image concerns in adolescent South African school girls. Journal of Human Nutritional Dietetics, 14, 111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, T.F., & Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.) (2002). Body image: A handbook of theory, research and clinical practice. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coker, S. (1994). Onset of bulimia nervosa in a 64-year old women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16, 89–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, P.J., Taylor, M.J., Cooper, Z,., & Fairburn, C.G. (1987). The development and validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13, 3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demarest, J.E., & Allen, R. (2000). Body image: Gender, ethnic and age differences. Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 465–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demarest, J.E., & Langer, E. (1997). Body shape satisfaction: Sex and age differences across the lifespan. Manuscript submitted for publication. Monmouth University.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, B., & Evans, C. (1993). Body Shape Questionnaire: Derivation of shortened “alternative forms”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13, 315–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duganzich, G. (1999). “She” who makes history: Reviewing the historical treatment of Black women by four South African scholars. Historia, 44, 65–83.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, D., & Moldan, S. (2004). Bulimic pathology in Black students in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 34,191–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feingold, A., & Mazzella, R. (1998). Gender differences in body image are increasing. Psychological Science, 9, 190–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, D.M. (1997). The 1997 body image survey results. Psychology Today, 30, 30–44.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, R.A. (2001). Eating disorders East and West: A culture bound syndrome unbound. In M. Nasser, M.A. Katzman, & R.A. Gordon (Eds.), Eating disorders and cultures in transition (pp. 1–16). East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Grogan, S. (1999). Body image. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hausenblas, H.A., Janelle, C.M., Garner, R.E., & Focht, B.C. (2004). Viewing physique slides: Affective responses of women at high and low drives for thinness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 45–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, L.K.G. (1990). Eating disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, H.S., Van Aardt, A.M., Walker, A.R.P., & Bosman, M.J.C. (1994). Obesity in African women: Problems and treatment. South African Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 6, 103–107.
   Google Scholar
• Kuba, S.A., & Harris, D.J. (2001). Eating disturbances in women of color: An exploratory study of contextual factors in the development of disordered eating in Mexican American women. Health Care for Women International, 22, 281–298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamb, C.S., Jackson, L.A., Cassidy, P.B., & Priest, D.J. (1993). Body figure preferences of men and women: A comparison of two generations. Sex Roles, 28, 345–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Grange, D., Telch, C.F., & Tibbs, J. (1998). Eating attitudes and behaviours in 1,435 South African Caucasian and Non-Caucasian college students. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 250–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechner, P., & Gertler, A. (1988). Prevalence and incidence studies of anorexia nervosa. In B.J. Binder, B.F. Chaitin and R.S. Goldstein (Eds.), The eating disorders: Medical and psychological basis of diagnosis and treatment. New York: PMA Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, D.E. (2002, July 14). Upending the expectations of science. New York Times, p. 15.
   Google Scholar
• Mumford, D.B., Whitehouse, A.M., & Platts, M. (1991). Eating disorders among Asian schoolgirls in Bradford: Socio-cultural correlates. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 222–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasser, M., Katzman, M.A., & Gordon, R.A. (2001). Eating disorders and cultures in transition. East Sussex: Brun- ner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Paxton, S.J., & Phythian A. (1999). Body image, self-esteem and health status in middle and later years. Australian Psychologist, 24, 116–121.
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier, L.G., Dion, S., & Levensque, C. (2004). Can self-determination help protect women against socio-cultural influences about body image and reduce their risk of experiencing bulimic symptoms? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 36, 61–89.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, J.C., Jones, A., Ramirez, E., & Waxman, S. (1996). Body Shape Questionnaire: Studies of validity and reliability. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 315–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senekal, M. (1988). Factors related to weight gain experienced by first year female students at the University of Stellenbosch (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Stellenbosch.
   Google Scholar
• Senekal, M., Steyn, N.B., Mashego, T.B., & Nel, J.H. (2001). Evaluation of body shape, eating disorders and weight management related parameters in Black female students in rural and urban origins. South African Journal of Psychology, 21, 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Skarderud, F. (2001). Commentary 2. In M. Nasser, M.A. Katzman, & R.A. Gordon (Eds.), Eating disorders and cultures in transition (pp. 30–34). East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Swartz, L. (2001). Commentary 1. In M. Nasser, M.A. Katzman & R.A. Gordon (Eds.), Eating Disorders and Cultures in Transition (pp. 26–29). East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Szabo, C.P. (1999). Eating attitudes among Black South Africans. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 981–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo, C.P., Berk, M., Tlou, E., & Allwood, C.W. (1995). Eating disorders in Black South African females: A series of cases. South African Medical Journal, 85, 588–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo, C.P., & Hollands, C. (1997). Abnormal eating attitudes in secondary-school girls in South Africa: A preliminary study. South African Medical Journal, 85, 588–590.
   Google Scholar
• Szabo, C.P., & Le Grange, D. (2001). Eating disorders and politics of identity: The South African experience. In M. Nasser, M.A. Katzman, & R.A. Gordon (Eds.), Eating disorders and cultures in transition (pp. 19–26). East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M. (2004). Body image across the adult life span: Stability and change (Unpublished paper). Flindes University of South Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox, S. (1997). Age and gender in relation to body attitudes: Is there a double standard in aging? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 549–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar