References
- Agenda (1998). The new men? Agenda, 37.
- Bhana, D., & Pattman, R. (2009). Researching South African youth, gender and sexuality within the context of HIV/AIDS. Development, 52(1), 68–74.
- Burman, E., & Parker, I. (Eds.). (1993). Discourse analytic research: Repertoires and readings of texts in action. London, England: Routledge.
- Carrigan, T., Connell, R. W., & Lee, J. (1985). Toward a new sociology of masculinity. Theory and Society, 14(5), 551–604.
- Clatterbaugh, K. (1998). What is the problematic about masculinities? Men and Masculinities 1(1), 24–45.
- Connell, R. W. (1989). Cool guys, swots and wimps: The interplay of masculinity and education. Oxford Review of Education, 15(3), 291–303.
- Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
- Connell, R. W. (2000). The men and the boys. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender Society, 19, 829–895.
- Donaldson, M. (1993). What is hegemonic masculinity? Theory and Society, 22, 643–657.
- Edwards, T. (2005). Queering the pitch? Gay masculinities. In M. S. Kimmel, J. Hearn, & R. W. Connell (Eds.), Handbook of studies on men and masculinities (pp. 51–68). London, England: Sage.
- Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: youth and crisis. New York, NY: Norton.
- Flood, M. (2005). Boys, young men and gender equality. CSW interactive panel discussion on future perspectives on the promotion of gender equality: Through the eyes of young women and men. 9 March 2005. Written statement submitted to the 49th Session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. Accessed 3 December 2008 at http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/Review/documents/panel-V/Michael%20Flood,%20statement.pdf
- Fouten, E. S. (2006). Exploring how adolescent boys negotiate regulatory conceptions of masculinity (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
- Gibson, D., & Hardon, A. (Eds.) (2005). Rethinking masculinities, violence and AIDS. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Het Spinhuis.
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of a spoiled identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
- Hall, S. (1981). Cultural studies: Two paradigms. In T. Bennett, G. Martin, C. Mercer, & J. Woollacott (Eds), Culture, ideology and social process (pp. 19–37). London, England: Batsford Academic and Educational.
- Hearn, J. (1987). The gender of oppression: Men, masculinity and the critique of Marxism. Sussex, England: Wheatsheaf Books.
- Hearn, J. (1996). Is masculinity dead? A critique of the concept of masculinity. In M. Mac an Ghaill (Ed.), Understanding masculinities (pp. 202–217). Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
- Hoffman, R. M. (2001). The measurement of masculinity and femininity: historical perspectives and implications. Journal of Counselling and Development, 79, 472–485.
- Hollway, W. (1989). Subjectivity and method in psychology: Gender, meaning and science. London, England: Sage.
- Hunter, M. (2004). Masculinities, multiple-sexual-partners, and AIDS: The making and unmaking of Isoka in KwaZulu-Natal. Transformation, 54, 123–153.
- Journal of Southern African Studies (1998). Special Issue on Masculinities in Southern Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 24(4).
- Kimmel, M. S. (Ed.) (1987). Changing men: New directions in research on men and masculinity. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Kimmel, M. S., Hearn, J., & Connell, R. W. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of studies on men and masculinities. London, England: Sage.
- Levett, A., Kottler, A., Burman E. & Parker, I. (Eds) (1997). Culture, power and difference: Discourse analysis in South Africa. London, England: Zed Books.
- Lindsay, L. A., & Miescher, S. F. (2003). Men and masculinities in modern Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- Luyt, R., & Foster, D. (2001). Hegemonic masculine conceptualisation in gang culture. South African Journal of Psychology, 31(3), 1–10.
- Mac an Ghaill, M. (1994). The making of men: Masculinities, sexualities and schooling. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
- Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). New York, NY: Wiley.
- Moore, S. & Rosenthal, D. (1993). Sexuality in adolescents. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Morrell, R. (Ed.) (2001). Changing men in Southern Africa. Durban, South Africa: University of Natal Press.
- Ouzgane, L. & Morrell, R. (Eds) (2005). African masculinities. Men in Africa from the late nineteenth century to the present. Scottsville, Kwazulu-Natal: University of Kwazulu-Natal Press.
- Parker, I. (1988). The crisis in modern social psychology. London, England: Methuen.
- Phoenix, A., Frosh, S. & Pattman, R. (2003). Producing contradictory masculine subject positions: Narratives of threat, homophobia and bullying in 11–14 year old boys. Journal of Social Issues, 59(1), 179–195.
- Ratele, K. (2008). Analysing males in Africa: Certain useful elements in considering ruling masculinities. African and Asian Studies, 7, 515–536.
- Ratele, K. (2006). Ruling masculinity and sexuality. Feminist Africa, 6, 48–64.
- Ratele, K., Fouten, E., Shefer, T., Strebel, A., Shabalala, N., & Buikema, R. (2007). Moffies, jocks and cool guys: Boys’ accounts of masculinity and their resistance in context. In T. Shefer, K. Ratele, A. Strebel, N. Shabalala & R. Buikema (eds.). From boys to men: Social constructions of masculinity in contemporary society (pp. 112–127). Cape Town, South Africa: UCT Press.
- Reid, G., & Walker, L. (eds.) (2005). Men behaving differently: South African men since 1994. Cape Town, South Africa: Double Storey.
- Shefer, T., Ratele, K., Strebel, A., Shabalala, N. J., & Buikema, R. (Eds.). (2007). From boys to men: Social construction of masculinity in contemporary society. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.
- Silberschmidt, M. (1999). ‘Women forget that men are the monsters’: gender antagonisms and socio-economic change in Kisii District, Kenya. Stockholm, Sweden: Nordic Africa Institute.
- Skelton, C. (1997). Primary boys and hegemonic masculinities. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 18(3), 349–369.
- Staples, R. (1982). Black masculinity: The black male's role in American society. San Francisco: Black Scholar Press.
- Suttner, R. (2008, May). Periodisation, cultural construction and representation of ANC masculinities through dress, gesture and Indian nationalist influence. Paper presented at the Seminar of the School for Graduate Studies, University of South Africa.
- van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249–283.
- Wetherell, M., & Edley, N. (1999). Negotiating hegemonic masculinity: Imaginary positions and psycho-discursive practices. Feminism & Psychology, 9(3), 335–356.