References
- Ablon, J. S., Levy, R. A., & Katzenstein, T. (2006). Beyond brand names of psychotherapy: Identifying empirically supported change processes. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43(2), 216–231.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2000). DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- Arntz, A. (2012). Imagery rescripting as a therapeutic technique: Review of clinical trials, basic studies, and research agenda for personality disorders. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3, 189–208.
- Bannister, A. (1997). The healing drama: Psychodrama and dramatherapy with abused children. London, England: Free Association Books.
- Barabasz, A. F., Barabasz, M., & Watkins, J. G. (2011). Single-session manualized Ego State Therapy (EST) for combat stress injury, PTSD, and ASD, Part 1: The theory. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 59, 379–391.
- Barrett, M. S., Chua, W., Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B., Casiano, D., & Thompson, D. (2008). Early withdrawal from mental health treatment: Implications for psychotherapy practice. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45(2), 247–267.
- Beaulieu, D. (2003). Eye Movement Integration Therapy: The comprehensive clinical guide. Bancyfelin, United Kingdom: Crown House.
- Bennett-Levy, J., McManus, F., Westling, B. E., & Fennell, M. (2009). Acquiring and refining CBT skills and competencies: Which training methods are perceived to be most effective? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 571–583.
- Boulind, M., & Edwards, D. J. A. (2008). The assessment and treatment of post-abortion syndrome: A systematic case study from Southern Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 18(4), 539–548.
- Bradshaw, R. A., Cook, A., & McDonald, M. J. (2011). Observed & Experiential Integration (OEI): Discovery and development of a new set of trauma therapy techniques. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 21(2), 104–171.
- Brown, D. (2009). Assessment of attachment and abuse history, and adult attachment style. In C. A. Courtois & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp 124–144). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M., Nixon, R. D. V., Mastrodomenico, J., Felmingham, K., & Hopwood, S. (2006). Hynotherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder: A 3 year follow up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1331–1335.
- Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Guthrie, R. M., Dang, S. T., Mastrodomenico, J., Nixon, R. D. V.,…Hopwood, S. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 695–703.
- Bryant, R. A., Sackville, T., Dang, S. T., Moulds, M., & Guthrie, R. (1999). Treating acute stress disorder: An evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy and supportive counseling techniques. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(11), 1780–1786.
- Butler, G., & Holmes, E. A. (2009). Imagery and the self following childhood trauma: Observations concerning the use of drawings and external images. In L. Stopa (Ed.), Imagery and the threatened self: Perspectives on mental imagery and the self in cognitive therapy (pp 166–180). Hove, United Kingdom: Routledge.
- Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Chambless, D., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7–18.
- Chu, J. A. (2011). Rebuilding shattered lives: Treating complex PTSD and dissociative disorders. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder: From cognitive theory to therapy. In R. L. Leahy (Ed.), Contemporary cognitive therapy (pp 141–160). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Cooper, H. (Ed.). (2012). APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Volume 1–3. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. D. (2009). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Courtois, C. A., Ford, J. D., & Cloitre, M. (2009). Best practices In psychotherapy for adults. In C. A. Courtois, & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp 82–103). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Dattilio, F. M., Edwards, D. J. A., & Fishman, D. B. (2010). Case studies within a mixed methods paradigm: Towards a resolution of the alienation between researcher and practitioner in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice & Training., 47, 427–441.
- Davies, J. M., & Frawley, M. G. (1999). Dissociative processes and transference-countertransference paradigms In the psychoanalytically oriented treatment of adult survivors of sexual abuse. In L. Aron (Ed.), Relational psychoanalysis: The emergence of a tradition (pp 269–304). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
- Dendy, W. C. (1853). Psyche: A discourse on the birth and pilgrimage of thought. London, England: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.za/books?id=UeYtAAAAYAAJ
- Drake, B., & Edwards, D. J. A. (2012). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following an armed robbery: A case study testing of the transportability of trauma-focussed cognitive-behavioural therapy to Urban Africans. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 22(3), 361–370.
- Edwards, D. J. A. (2005). Treating PTSD in South African contexts: A theoretical framework and model for the development of evidence-based practice. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 15(2), 209–220.
- Edwards, D. J. A. (2009). Responsive treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in South Africa: An integrative model grounded in case-based research. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 19, 189–198.
- Edwards, D. J. A. (2010). Using systematic case studies to study therapist responsiveness: An examination of a case series of PTSD treatments. Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy [Online], 6(4), Article 3, 255–275. Downloaded 1st June 2012 from http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu/index.php/pcsp/article/view/1047/2459.
- Edwards, D. J. A., & Young, C. (2013). Assessment In routine clinical and counselling settings. In S. Laher & K. Cockroft (Eds.), Psychological assessment in South Africa: Research and applications (pp 320–335). Johannesburg, South Africa: Wits University Press.
- Eells, T. D. (Ed.). (2007). Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319–345.
- Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Liness, S., Wild, J.,…McManus, F. (2010). Intensive cognitive therapy for PTSD: A feasibility study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 38, 383–398.
- Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005). Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 413–431.
- Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Michael, T. (2004). Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory and therapy. Memory, 12(4), 403–415.
- Falsetti, S. A., Resnick, H. S., Davis, J., & Gallagher, N. G. (2001). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with chronic panic attacks: Combining cognitive processing therapy with panic control treatment techniques. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 5(4), 252–260.
- Farrell, J. M., Shaw, I. A., & Reiss, N. (2012). Group Schema Therapy: Catalyzing schema and mode change. In M. van Vreeswijk, J. Broerson, & M. Nadort (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of schema therapy: Theory, research and practice (pp. 341–358). Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., Rauch, S. A., Riggs, D. S., Feeny, N. C., & Yadin, E. (2005). Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 953–964.
- Forbes, D., Creamer, M., Bisson, J. I., Cohen, J. A., Crow, B. E., Foa, E. B.,…Ursano, R. J. (2010). A guide to guidelines for the treatment of PTSD and related conditions. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 537–552.
- Fouad, N. A., Grus, C. L., Hatcher, R. L., Kaslow, N. J., Hutchings, P. S., Madson, M. B.,…Crossman, R. E. (2009). Competency benchmarks: A model for understanding and measuring competence in professional psychology across training levels. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 3, S5–S26.
- Fox, S. (2010). Re-packing the cupboard: A systematic case study of the treatment of PTSD following rape (Unpublished master's thesis). Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
- Gersons, B. P. R., Carlier, I. V. E., Lamberts, R. D., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2000). Randomized clinical trial of Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 333–346.
- Giesen-Bloo, J., Van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., Van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., Van Asselt, T.,…Arntz, A. (2006). Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Randomized controlled trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 649–658.
- Goodyear-Brown, P. (2010). Play therapy with traumatized children: A prescriptive approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Grazebrook, K., & Garland, A. (2005). What is CBT? Retrieved from http://www.babcp.com/Public/What-is-CBT.aspx
- Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Emotion—focused therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 3–16.
- Greenberg, L. S., & Goldman, R. (2007). Case formulation In emotion-focused therapy. In T. D. Eells (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (pp 379–411). London, England: Guilford.
- Greenman, P. S., & Johnson, S. M. (2012). United we stand: Emotionally focused therapy for couples in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 561–569. doi:10.1002/jclp.21853
- Grey, N. (2009). Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress reactions: An introduction. In N. Grey (Ed.), A casebook of cognitive therapy for traumatic stress reactions (pp 1–13). London, England: Routledge.
- Grey, N., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2009). Intensive cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Case studies. In N. Grey (Ed.), A casebook of cognitive therapy for traumatic stress reactions (pp 111–130). London, England: Routledge.
- Grey, N., Young, K., & Holmes, E. (2002). Cognitive restructuring within reliving a treatment for peritraumatic emotional “hotspots” in posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(1), 37–56.
- Grunert, B. K., Weis, J. M., Smucker, M. R., & Christianson, H. F. (2007). Imagery rescripting and reprocessing therapy after failed exposure for post-traumatic stress disorder following industrial injury. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 317–328.
- Hackmann, A. (1997). The transformation of meaning In cognitive therapy. In C. Brewin (Ed.), The transformation of meaning in psychological therapies: Integrating theory and practice (pp 125–140). Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley.
- Hatcher, R. L., & Lassiter, K. D. (2007). Initial training in professional psychology: The practicum competencies outline. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1, 49–63.
- Hayes, S. C., Villatte, M., Levin, M., & Hildebrandt, M. (2011). Open, aware, and active: Contextual approaches as an emerging trend in the behavioral and cognitive therapies. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 141–168.
- Helfand, M., Berg, A., Flum, D., Gabriel, S., & Normand, S. (2012). Our questions, our decisions: Standards for patient-centered outcomes research. (Draft Methodology Report). Washington, DC: Patient-Centred Outcomes Research Institute. doi: http://www.pcori.org/2012/methodology-report/
- Herbert, J. D., Lilienfeld, S. O., Lohr, J. M., Montgomery, R. W., O'Donohue, W. T., Rosen, G. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2000). Science and pseudoscience in the development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Implications for clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(8), 945–971.
- Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: From domestic abuse to political terror. New York, NY: Basic Books
- Herman, J. L. (1995). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. In J. M. Lating (Ed.), Psychotraumatology: Key papers and core concepts in post-traumatic stress (pp 87–100). New York, NY: Plenum.
- Hobfoll, S., Hall, B. J., Canetti-Nisim, G., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Palmieri, P. A. (2007). Refining our understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism: Moving from meaning cognitions to doing what is meaningful. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 345–366.
- Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Fluckiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance In individual psychotherapy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed., pp 25–69). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Jackson, C., Nissenson, K., & Cloitre, M. (2010). Treatment of complex PTSD. In D. Sookman & R. L. Leahy (Eds.), Treatment resistant anxiety disorders: Resolving impasses to symptom remission (pp 75–104). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Jakupcak, M., Wagner, A., Paulson, A., Varra, A., & McFall, M. (2010). Behavioral activation as a primary care-based treatment for PTSD and depression among returning veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 491–495.
- Johnson, S. M., Hunsley, J., Greenberg, L. S., & Schindler, D. (1999). Emotionally focused couples therapy: Status and challenges. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 6, 67–79.
- Kaminer, D., & Eagle, G. (2010). Traumatic stress in South Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: Wits University Press.
- Karpelowsky, B. J., & Edwards, D. J. A. (2005). Trauma, imagery and the therapeutic relationship: Langu's story. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 15(2), 185–195.
- Kazdin, A. E. (2012). A comprehensive guide to the rich and rigorous research methods of psychological science. Review of APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology. PsyCRITIQUES, 57(21). doi: 10.1037/a0028394
- Kellerman, P. F., & Hudgins, M. K. (2000). Psychodrama with trauma survivors: Acting out your pain. London, England: Jessica Kingsley.
- Krause, M. S., & Lutz, W. (2009). Process transforms inputs to determine outcomes: Therapists are responsible for managing process. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 16, 73–81.
- Kubany, E. S., Hill, E. E., Owens, J. A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M. A., Tremayne, K. J., & Williams, P. I. (2004). Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3–18.
- Kuyken, W., Padesky, C. A., & Dudley, R. (2009). Collaborative case conceptualization. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Laas, S. J. (2009). An evaluation of the Ehlers and Clark cognitive therapy model within the South African context: The assessment and treatment of a survivor of violent criminal victimization (Unpublished master's thesis). Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
- Lee, D. (2006). Case conceptualization in complex PTSD: Integrating theory with practice. In N. Tarrier (Ed.), Case formulation in cognitive-behaviour therapy: The treatment of challenging and complex cases (pp 142–166). London, England: Routledge.
- Lee, D. A. (2010). Using a compassionate mind to enhance the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for individuals who suffer from shame and self-criticism. In D. Sookman, & R. L. Leahy (Eds.), Treatment resistant anxiety disorders: Resolving impasses to symptom remission (pp 233–254). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Lee, D. A., Scragg, P., & Turner, S. (2001). The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: A clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 451–466.
- Levant, R. F. (2005). Report of the 2005 Presidential Task Force on Evidence Based Practice. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/practice/resources/evidence/evidence-based-report.pdf
- Levitt, J. T., & Cloitre, M. (2005). A clinician's guide to STAIR/MPE: Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 12, 40–52.
- Markowitz, J. C., Milrod, B., Bleiberg, K. L., & Marshall, R. D. (2009). Interpersonal factors in understanding and treating posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 15, 133–140.
- Maxwell, J. A. (2008). The value of a realist understanding of causality for qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & M. D. Giardina (Eds.), Qualitiative inquiry and the politics of evidence (pp 163–181). Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
- Miller, D. W., & Miller, C. G. (2005). On evidence, medical and legal. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, 10(3), 70–75.
- Millon, T., & Grossman, S. (2007a). Moderating severe personality disorders: A personalized psychotherapy approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Millon, T., & Grossman, S. (2007b). Overcoming resistant personality disorders: A personalized psychotherapy approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 898–907.
- Mueller, M. (2009). The role of narrative exposure therapy In cognitive therapy for traumatized refugees and asylum seekers. In N. Grey (Ed.), A casebook of cognitive therapy for traumatic stress reactions (pp 265–282). London, England: Routledge.
- Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., Xie, H., Jankowski, M. K., Bolton, E. E., Lu, W.,…Wolfe, R. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 259–271. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.259
- Muller, R. T. (2010). Trauma and the avoidant client: Attachment-based strategies for healing. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
- Nadort, M., Arntz, A., Smit, J. H., Giesen-Bloo, J., Eikelenboom, M., Spinhoven, P.,…van Dyck, R. (2009). Implementation of outpatient schema therapy for borderline personality disorder with versus without crisis support by the therapist outside office hours: A randomized trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 961–973.
- Najavits, L. M., Gallop, R. J., & Weiss, R. D. (2006). Seeking safety therapy for adolescent girls with PTSD and substance use disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 33, 453–463.
- National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2005). Clinical guidelines CG26: Post-traumatic stress disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. doi: www.nice.org.uk/cg26
- Nel, P. W. (2012). The trouble with clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Forum, 235, 18–22.
- Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, U., & Elbert, T. (2004). A comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an African refugee settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 579–587.
- Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed., pp 3–21). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Padmanabhanunni, A. (2010). A series of systematic case studies on the treatment of rape-related PTSD in the South African context: Implications for practice and policy (Doctoral dissertation). Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa). Available at http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1991/
- Padmanabhanunni, A., & Edwards, D. J. A. (2012). Treating complex post-traumatic stress disorder following childhood neglect, sexual abuse and revictimisation: Interpretative reflections on the case of Khuselwa. Child Abuse Research in South Africa, 13(1), 40–54.
- Padmanabhanunni, A., & Edwards, D. J. A. (2013). Treating the psychological sequelae of proactive drug-facilitated sexual assault: Knowledge building through systematic case based research. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy doi: 10.1017/S1352465812000896
- Paivio, S. C., Jarry, J. L., Chagigiorgis, H., Hall, I., & Ralston, M. (2010). Efficacy of two versions of emotion-focused therapy for resolving child abuse trauma. Psychotherapy Research, 20(3), 353.
- Payne, C., & Edwards, D. J. A. (2009). What services and supports are needed to enable trauma survivors to rebuild their lives? Implications of a systematic case study of cognitive therapy with a township adolescent girl with PTSD following rape. Child Abuse Research in South Africa, 10(1), 27–40.
- Phillips, M., & Frederick, C. (1995). Healing the divided self: Clinical and Ericksonian hypnotherapy for posttraumatic and dissociative conditions. New York, NY: Norton.
- Pistrang, N., & Barker, C. (2012). Varieties of qualitative research: A pragmatic approach to selecting methods. In H. Cooper (Ed.), APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Volume 2. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp 5–18). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2001). Stages of change. Psychotherapy, 38(4), 443–448.
- Raby, C., & Edwards, D. (2011). Unrecognized hospital trauma as a source of complex psychiatric symptoms: A systematic case study with implications for children's rights and evidence-based practice. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 541–553.
- Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Astin, A. C., Weaver, W. L., & Feuer, C. A. (2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 867–879.
- Resick, P. A., Williams, L. F., Suvak, M. K., Monson, C. M., & Gradus, J. L. (2012). Long-term outcomes of cognitive—behavioral treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder among female rape survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(2), 201–210. doi:10.1037/a0026602
- Roth, A. D., & Pilling, S. (2008). Using an evidence-based methodology to identify the competences required to deliver effective cognitive and behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety disorders. Cognitive and Behavioural Psychotherapy, 36, 129–147.
- Ruf, M., Schauer, M., Neuner, F., Catani, C., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2010). Narrative Exposure Therapy for 7- to 16-year-olds: A randomized controlled trial with traumatized refugee children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 437–445.
- Sackett, D., Rosenburg, W., Gray, J., Haynes, R., & Richardson, W. (1996). Evidence-based medicine: What it is and what it isn't. British Medical Journal, 312, 71–72.
- Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C., Samstag, L. W., & Winston, A. (2005). Evaluating alliance-focused intervention for potential treatment failures: A feasibility study and descriptive analysis. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42(4), 512–531.
- Seidler, G. H., & Wagner, F. E. (2006). Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1515–1522.
- Shamdasani, S. (2005). Psychotherapy: The invention of a word. History of the Human Sciences, 18, 1–22.
- Slater, L. (2003,02/23). Repress yourself. New York Times. doi: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/magazine/repress-yourself.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
- Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., & Clark, D. M. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Cognitive therapy with children and young people. Hove, United Kingdom: Routledge.
- Smith, P., Yule, W., Perrin, S., Tranah, T., Dalgleish, T., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD in children and adolescents: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(8), 1051–1061.
- Smith, T. (2006). Frozen in time to reclaiming one's life: The evaluation of the Ehlers and Clark cognitive therapy model in the assessment and treatment of a hijacking survivor. Master's thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. Available at http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1834/
- Sokutu, N. (2010). Longstanding trauma, disrupted interpersonal relations: an evaluation of the Ehlers And Clark model for PTSD in a complex case (Master's thesis). Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
- Steele, K., & van der Hart, O. (2009). Treating dissociation. In C. A. Courtois, & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp 145–165). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Steil, R., Dyer, A., Priebe, K., Kleindienst, N., & Bohus, M. (2011). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: A pilot study of an intensive residential treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 102–106.
- Stiles, W. B., Honos-Webb, L., & Surko, M. (1998). Responsiveness in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5(4), 439–458.
- Swartz, K. (2007). Contextual obstacles to the delivery of effective psychological treatment of PTSD in a South African community setting (Unpublished master's thesis). Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. Retrieved from http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1830
- Tarrier, N. (2006). An introduction to case formulation and its challenges. In N. Tarrier (Ed.), Case formulation in cognitive-behaviour therapy: The treatment of challenging and complex cases (pp 1–11). London, England: Routledge.
- Tarrier, N., & Humphreys, A. (2003). PTSD and the social support of the interpersonal environment: The development of social cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(2), 187–198.
- Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1–18.
- Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L. G., & Cann, A. (2007). Evaluating resource gain: Understanding and misunderstanding posttraumatic growth. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 396–406.
- Teng, E. J., Bailey, S. D., Chaison, N. D., Petersen, N. J., Hamilton, J. D., & Dunn, N. J. (2008). Treating comorbid panic disorder in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 704–710. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.259
- Tick, E. (2005). War and the soul: Healing our country's veterans from post-traumatic stress disorder. Wheaton, IL: Quest.
- University College London. (n.d.-a). Generic metacompetences. Retrieved from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/clinical-psychology/CORE/CBT_Compeences/Metacompetences/Metacompetences.pdf
- University College London. (n.d.-b). Problem specific competences. Retrieved from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/clinical-psychology/CORE/CBT_Competences/Problem_Specific_Competences/Problem_Specific_Competences.pdf
- van der Linde, F., & Edwards, D. J. A. (2013). “It's like uprooting trees:” Responsive treatment for a case of complex post-traumatic stress disorder following multiple rapes. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 23(1), 31–30.
- van Vreeswijk, M., Broerson, J., & Nadort, M. (Eds.). (2012). The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of schema therapy: Theory, research and practice. Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Wagner, A. W., Zatzick, D. F., Ghesquiere, A., & Jurkovich, G. J. (2007). Behavioral activation as an early intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among physically injured trauma survivors. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14(4), 341–349. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.05.002
- Wampold, B. E., Imel, E., & Miller, S. D. (2009). Barriers to the dissemination of empirically supported treatments: Matching messages to evidence. The Behavior Therapist, 32(7), 144–155.
- Watson, J. C., Gordon, L. B., Stermac, L., Kalegerakos, F., & Steckley, P. (2003). Comparing the effectiveness of process-experiential with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 773–781.
- WHO. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
- Wild, J. (2009). Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and permanent physical injury. In N. Grey (Ed.), A casebook of cognitive therapy for traumatic stress reactions (pp 131–146). London, England: Routledge.
- Wild, J., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. A. (2007). When the present visits the past: Updating traumatic memories in social phobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 386–401.
- Wolfe, B. E. (2012). Healing the practice-research split: Let's start with me. Psychotherapy, 49, 101–108.
- Young, J. E., Klosko, J., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York, NY: Guilford.