Trauma awareness and preparedness: Their influence on posttraumatic stress disorder development related to armed conflict experience

References

• Association Américaine de Psychiatrie, Crocq, M.-A., Guelfi, J.-D., Boyer, P., Pull, C.-B., & Pull-Erpelding, M.-C. (2015). DSM-5: Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]. Issy-les-Moulineaux : Elsevier Masson.
   Google Scholar
• Awa, A. (2012). Violence sexuelle comme arme de guerre : Le cas de deux provinces en République démocratique du Congo : Le Nord-Kivu et le Maniema [Sexual violence as a weapon of war : The case of two provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo: North Kivu and Maniema]. (Mémoire de Master. Université d’Oslo) Accès https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/35195
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2003). Auto-efficacité. Le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle [A sense of self-efficacy]. Paris: Éditions De Boeck Université.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., Carré, P., & Lecomte, J. (2007). Auto-efficacité : Le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle [Self-efficacy: The feeling of self-efficacy]. Bruxelles: De Boeck.
   Google Scholar
• Başoğlu, M., Mineka, S., Paker, M., Aker, T., Livanou, M., & Gök, Ş. (1997). Psychological preparedness for trauma as a protective factor in survivors of torture. Psychological Medicine, 27(6), 1421–1433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291797005679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benight, C. C., & Harper, M. L. (2002). Coping self-efficacy perceptions as a mediator between acute stress response and long-term distress following natural disasters. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(3), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015295025950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilak, A. (2016). L’Afrique face à ses déplacés internes. [Africa facing internally displaced]. Politique étrangère, Printemps(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.3917/pe.155.0039
   Google Scholar
• Birmes, P., Brunet, A., Benoit, M., Defer, S., Hatton, L., Sztulman, H., & Schmitt, L. (2005). Validation of the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire self-report version in two samples of French-speaking individuals exposed to trauma. European Psychiatry, 20(2), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490080106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Horton, J. L., Powell, T. M., LeardMann, C. A., Boyko, E. J., … Smith, T. C. (2012). Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed US military service members: Prospective cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouvard, M., & Cottraux, J. (2010). Protocoles et échelles d’évaluation en psychiatrie et psychologie [Protocols and scales of assessment in psychiatry and psychology]: POD. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Elsevier Masson.
   Google Scholar
• Breslau, N., Chilcoat, H. D., Kessler, R. C., & Davis, G. C. (1999). Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: Results from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(6), 902–907. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.6.902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J., Kaltman, S., & Green, B. L. (2008). Accumulated childhood trauma and symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 223–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet, A. (1996). Expositions récurrentes aux événements traumatiques: Inoculation ou vulnérabilité croissante? [Recurrent exposures to traumatic events: Inoculation or increased vulnerability?]. Sante Mentale au Quebec, 21(1), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.7202/032384ar
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chabrol, H., & Callahan, S. (2018). Mécanismes de défense et coping 3ème édition. [Defensive mechanisms and coping 3rd edition.] Dunod.
   Google Scholar
• Chatelain, S., Pastore, M., & Addor, V. (2014). Déterminants du syndrome de stress post-traumatique et interventions pour y remédier chez les infirmières au retour de mission humanitaire [Determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and interventions to address them in nurses returning from humanitarian missions] (Mémoire de bachelor). Haute école de santé Genève.
   Google Scholar
• Clemmons, J. C., Walsh, K., DiLillo, D., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2007). Unique and combined contributions of multiple child abuse types and abuse severity to adult trauma symptomatology. Child Maltreatment, 12(2), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559506298248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coen, A. (2003). Le traumatisme cumulatif. [Cumulative trauma] Figures de la psychanalyse, 8(1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.3917/fp.008.0073
   Google Scholar
• Corroyer, D., & Wolff, M. (2003). L’analyse statistique des données en Psychologie: concepts et méthodes de base. Paris: Colin.
   Google Scholar
• Courtois, C. A. (2008). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, S(1), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.86
   Google Scholar
• Daudin, M., & Rondier, J.-P. (2014). Traumatisme de guerre, conduites addictives ddUne illustration du concept lacanien de jouissance [War trauma, addictive behaviours: an illustration of the Lacanian concept of pleasure]. L’Information Psychiatrique, 90(6), 471–476. https://doi.org/10.3917/inpsy.9006.0471
   Google Scholar
• David, V. (2019). Stress post-traumatique: Tour d’horizon. [Posttraumatic stress disorder: An overview]. Accès http://www.mieux-etre.org/Stress-post-traumatique-Tour-d.html
   Google Scholar
• Deahl, M., Srinivasan, M., Jones, N., Thomas, J., Neblett, C., & Jolly, A. (2000). Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers: The role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711200160318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dégeilh, F., Viard, A., Dayan, J., Guénolé, F., Egler, P.-J., Baleyte, J.-M., … Guillery-Girard, B. (2013). Altérations mnésiques dans l’état de stress post-traumatique : Résultats comportementaux et neuro-imagerie. [Memory impairment in the posttraumatic stress disorder: behavioral results and neuroimaging]. Revue de Neuropsychologie, 5(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.3917/rne.051.0045
   Google Scholar
• Dhladhla, T. J., & van Dyk, G. A. J. (2009). Management of posttraumatic stress disorder in the military: An intervention model. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 19(4), 591–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2009.10820334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duagani Masika Y., Corten Ph., Verbanck P., Kornreich Ch. et Mampunza Ma Miezi S. (2016, December) Reviviscence traumatique et partage social des émotions dans les états de stress post-traumatique à l’Est de la R.D. Congo. [Traumatic reliving and social sharing of emotions in posttraumatic stress states in eastern D R Congo] Paper presented at the Royal Society of Mental Medicine Day, Genval
   Google Scholar
• Duroch, F., McRae, M., & Grais, R. F. (2011). Description and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 11(1), 5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferster, C. B. (1973). A functional analysis of depression. The American Psychologist, 28(10), 857–870. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Zinbarg, R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in posttraumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 218–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossion, P., Leys, C., Kempenaers, C., Braun, S., Verbanck, P., & Linkowski, P. (2013). Depression, anxiety and loss of resilience after multiple traumas: An illustration of a mediated moderation model of sensitization in a group of children who survived the Nazi Holocaust. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(3), 973–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant, A. (2016). Étude des perceptions du trouble de stress post-traumatique parmi des militaires canadiens et leur conjointe. [Study of perceptions of posttraumatic stress disorder among Canadian military personnel and their spouses].Consulté à l’adresse https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/handle/1866/13432
   Google Scholar
• Heimburger, J.-F. (2018). Le Japon face aux catastrophes naturelles : Prévention et gestion des risques [Japan in the face of natural disasters: Prevention and risk management]. Grande Bretagne: ISTE Editions
   Google Scholar
• Iversen, A. C., Fear, N. T., Ehlers, A., Hacker-Hughes, J. H., Hull, L., Earnshaw, M., … Hotopf, M. (2008). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel. Psychological Medicine, 38(4), 511–522. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708002778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquemot, P. (2009). Ressources minérales, armes et violences dans les Kivus (RDC). [Mineral resources, weapons and violence in the Kivus (DRC)]. Hérodote, 134(3), 38–62. https://doi.org/10.3917/her.134.0380
   Google Scholar
• Josse, E. (2006). Le développement des syndromes psychotraumatiques. [The development of psychotraumatic syndromes] Consulté à l’adresse http://psycho-solutions.be/IMG/pdf/syndromes_psychotraumatiques.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Josse, E. (2014). Le traumatisme psychique chez l’adulte [Psychological trauma in adults]. Louvain-la-Neuve : De Boeck Supérieur.
   Google Scholar
• Kac Ohana, N. (2016). Terreur et terrorisme Questionnements psychanalytiques [Terror and terrorism Psychoanalytical questions]. Le carnet PSY, 9(203),1
   Google Scholar
• Kwakya, E., Ndiaye Ndogo, Ndèye Dialé, Xavier, R., Burquel, Ch. & Constant, E. (2015). Approche théorico-clinique du traumatisme. A propos des viols au Sud-kivu (République Démocratique du Congo). [Theoretical-clinical approach to trauma. About rapes in South Kivu (Democratic Republic of Congo)]. Louvain médical, 134(1), 39–42
   Google Scholar
• Lecomte, J. (2004). Les applications du sentiment d’efficacité personnelle. [The applications of the sense of self-efficacy] Savoirs, Hors série (5), 59–90.
   Google Scholar
• Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural validation studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mari-Bouzid, M. (2011). Rôle de l’évitement de la détresse concomitante à un événement traumatique dans la genèse d’un cas d’ESPT avec TDMR. [Role of avoidance of concomitant distress at a traumatic event in the genesis of a case of PTSD with TDMR]. Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, 21(3), 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcc.2011.07.001
   Google Scholar
• Martin, C. G., Cromer, L. D., DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2013). The Role of Cumulative Trauma, Betrayal, and Appraisals in Understanding Trauma Symptomatology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(2), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025686
   Google Scholar
• Mbombo Banza, L., & Hemedi Bayolo, C. (2004). Violences sexuelles contre les femmes, crimes sans châtiment 2001–2004 [Sexual violence against women, crimes without punishment 2001-2004]. Paris: Editions Concordia
   Google Scholar
• Moufflet, V. (2008). Le paradigme du viol comme arme de guerre à l’Est de la République démocratique du Congo. [The paradigm of rape as a weapon of war in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo]. Afrique Contemporaine, 227(3), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.3917/afco.227.0119
   Google Scholar
• Mugisha, J., Muyinda, H., Wandiembe, P., & Kinyanda, E. (2015). Prevalence and factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder seven years after the conflict in three districts in northern Uganda (The Wayo-Nero Study). BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0551-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller, D., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 852–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omba Kalonda, J. (2008). Les violences sexuelles en République Démocratique du Congo: Quelles conséquences sur le plan de la santé publique? [Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo: what are the consequences for public health?]. Médecine Tropicale, 68(6), 576–578.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Regehr, C., Hill, J., & Glancy, G. (2000). Individual predictors of traumatic reactions in firefighters. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188(6), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200006000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roullière-Le Lidec, C., Rouhard, É, & Crocq, L. (2016). La continuité des soins pour les militaires atteints de syndrome de stress post-traumatique: Projet d’un centre de référence interministériel. [Continuity of care for military personnel with posttraumatic stress disorder: Project for an interdepartmental referral centre] Annales Médico- psychologiques, revue psychiatrique, 174(7), 530–538.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, C., Corin, E., & Renaud, C. (1989). Conflit armé et trauma: Une étude clinique chez des enfants réfugiés latino-américains. [Armed conflict and trauma: a clinical study of Latin American refugee children.]. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34(5), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubuye Mer, S., & Flicourt, N. (2015). Femmes victimes des violences sexuelles dans les conflits armés en République Démocratique du Congo. [Women victims of sexual violence in armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo]. Sexologies, 24(3), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sexol.2015.06.003
   Google Scholar
• Scott, S. A. (2008). Laurent Nkunda et la rébellion du Kivu: au cœur de la guerre congolaise [Laurent Nkunda and the Kivu rebellion: at the heart of the Congolese war].Paris: KARTHALA Editions
   Google Scholar
• Simoneau, H., & Guay, S. (2008). Conséquences de la concomitance des troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances et à l’état de stress post-traumatique sur le traitement. [Consequences of comorbidity of disorders related to substance use and posttraumatic stress on treatment]. Drogues, Santé et Société, 7(2), 125–160. https://doi.org/10.7202/037567ar
   Google Scholar
• Suliman, S., Mkabile, S. G., Fincham, D. S., Ahmed, R., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2009). Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(2), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sydor, G., & Philippot, P. (1996). Conséquences psychologiques des massacres de 1994 au Rwanda. [Psychological consequences of the 1994 Rwandan massacres]. Sante Mentale au Quebec, 21(1), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.7202/032389ar
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thurin, J.-M. (2002). Etat de stress post-traumatique. [Posttraumatic stress disorder]. Pour la recherche, 34, 6–7.
   Google Scholar
• Tomasella, S. (2016). Trauma, deuil et principe d’intégrité. [Trauma, grief and the principle of integrity]. L’Évolution psychiatrique, 81(3), 641–652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, W.E. (2019). Using IMB SPSS Statistics for Research Methods and Social Science Statistics (7th Edition). Los angeles : Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Vircoulon, T. (2005). L’Ituri ou la guerre au pluriel. [Ituri or the war in the plural]. Afrique Contemporaine, 215(3), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.3917/afco.215.0129
   Google Scholar
• Yao, S.-N., Cottraux, J., Note, I., De Mey-Guillard, C., Mollard, E., & Ventureyra, V. (2003). Évaluation des états de stress post-traumatique : Validation d’une échelle, la PCLS. [Assessment of posttraumatic stress states: validation of a scale, the PCLS]. L’Encéphale, 29(3), 232–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zewde, B. (2008). Society, State, and Identity in African History. Location: African Books Collective.
   Google Scholar
• Zwanziger, T., Anderson, C., Lewis, J., Ferreira, R., & Figley, C. (2017). Resilience and knowledge of PTSD symptoms in military spouses. Traumatology, 23(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000093
   Google Scholar