Happiness: A Review of Evidence Relevant to Occupational Science

References

• Abdel-Khalek , A. 2006 . Happiness, health, and religiosity: Significant relations . Mental Health, Religion & Culture , 9 , 85 – 97 . doi: 10.1080/13694670500040625
   Google Scholar
• Adlai-Gail , W. 1994 . Exploring the autotelic personality (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) . University of Chicago Illinois .
   Google Scholar
• Argyle , M. 1987 . The psychology of happiness , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Asakawa , K. 2004 . Flow experience and autotelic personality in Japanese college students: How do they experience challenges in daily life? Journal of Happiness Studies , 5 , 123 – 154 . doi: 10.1023/b:johs.0000035915.97836.89
   Google Scholar
• Baker , L. , Cahalin , L. , Gerst , K. , & Burr , J. 2005 . Productive activities and subjective well-being among older adults: The influence of number of activities and time commitment . Social Indicators Research , 73 , 431 – 458 . doi: 10.1007/s11205-005-0805-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker , A. B. 2005 . Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experiences . Journal of Vocational Behaviour , 66 , 26 – 44 . doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basavanna , M. 2000 . Dictionary of psychology , New Delhi : Allied Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , J. J. , McAdams , P. D. , & Pals , L. J. 2008 . Narrative identity and eudaimonic well-being . Journal of Happiness Studies , 9 , 81 – 104 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9021-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blazer , D. and Palmore , E. 1976 . Religion and aging in a longitudinal panel . The Gerontologist , 16 : 82 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgonovi , F. 2008 . Doing well by doing good. The relationship between formal volunteering and self-reported health and happiness . Social Science & Medicine , 66 , 2321 – 2334 . doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickman , P. and Campbell , D. 1971 . “ Hedonic relativism and planning the good society ” . In Adaptation-level theory: A sympo-sium , Edited by: Appley , M. H. 287 – 302 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brickman , P. , Coates , D. and Janoff-Bulman , R. 1978 . Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 917 – 927 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists . 1991 . Occupational therapy guidelines for client-centred practice . Toronto : CAOT, in co-operation with Health and Welfare Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, PWGSC .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , H. 2006 . Flow on the net: Detecting web users' positive affects and their flow states . Computers in Human Behaviour , 22 , 221 – 233 . doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2004.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen , C. 2000 . Identity, personal projects and happiness: Self construction in everyday action . Journal of Occupational Science , 7 : 98 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , A. , Georgellis , Y. , Lucas , R. , & Diener , E. 2004 . Unemployment alters the set point for life satisfaction . Psychological Science , 15 , 8 – 13 . doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01501002.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , A. E. and Lelkes , O. 2009 . Let us pray: Religious interactions in life satisfaction , Paris : Paris School of Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , F. 2006 . One person's thoughts on the future of occupational science . Journal of Occupational Science , 13 ( 3 ) : 167 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , F. , Parham , D. , Carlson , M. , Frank , G. , Jackson , J. , Pierce , D. and Zemke , R. 1991 . Occupational science: Academic innovation in the service of occupational therapy's future . American Journal of Occupational Therapy , 45 : 300 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , S. G. , & Haworth , J. T. 1994 . ‘Flow’ experience in the daily lives of sixth-form college students . British Journal of Psychology , 85 , 511 – 523 . doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02538.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton , W. C. 2005 . Introduction to positive psychology , Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Connor Schisler , A. M. and Polatajko , H. 2002 . The individual as a mediator of the person-occupation-environment interaction: Learning from the experience of refugees . Journal of Occupational Science , 9 : 72 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1975 . Beyond boredom and anxiety , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1990 . Flow: The psychology of optimal experience , New York : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. , & LeFevre , J. 1989 . Optimal experience in work and leisure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 , 815 – 822 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.56.5.815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. , & Hunter , J. 2003 . Happiness in everyday life: The uses of experience sampling . Journal of Happiness Studies , 4 , 185 – 199 . doi: 10.1023/a:1024409732742
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihaly , M. and Patton , J. D. 1997 . Le bonheur, l'expérience optimale et les valeurs spirituelles: Une étude empirique auprès d'adolescents. (Happiness, the optimal experience and spiritual values: An empirical study of adolescents) . Revue Québécoise de Psychologie , 18 : 167 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Danner , D. D. , Snowdon , D. A. , & Friesen , W. V. 2001 . Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 , 804 – 813 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E. , & Ryan , R. 2000 . The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour . Psychological Inquiry , 11 , 227 – 268 . doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerouti , E. 2006 . Job characteristics, flow, and performance: The moderating role of conscientiousness . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 11 , 266 – 280 . doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.11.3.266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demir , M. , & Weitekamp , L. 2007 . I am so happy ‘cause today I found my friend: Friendship and personality as predictors of happiness . Journal of Happiness Studies , 8 , 181 – 211 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9012-7
   Google Scholar
• DeNeve , K. M. , & Cooper , H. 1998 . The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being . Psychological Bulletin , 124 , 197 – 229 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickie , V. 2003 . The role of learning in quilt making . Journal of Occupational Science , 10 : 120 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Dickie , V. , Cutchin , M. P. and Humphry , R. 2006 . Occupation as transactional experience: A critique of individualism in occupational science . Journal of Occupational Science , 13 : 83 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Diener , E. 1984 . Subjective well-being . Psychological Bulletin , 95 , 542 – 575 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener , E. and Lucas , R. E. 1999 . “ Personality and subjective well-being ” . In Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology , Edited by: Kahnenman , D. , Diner , E. and Schwarz , N. 213 – 229 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Diener , E. , Lucas , R. E. , & Scollon , C. N. 2006 . Beyond the hedonic treadmill . American Psychologist , 61 , 305 – 314 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener , E. , & Seligman , M. 2002 . Very happy people . Psychological Science , 13 , 81 – 84 . doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener , E. , Suh , E. , Lucas , R. E. , & Smith , H. L. 1999 . Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress—1967 to 1997 . Psychological Bulletin , 125 , 276 – 302 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich , A. 2004 . Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the experience of flow . Consciousness and Cognition , 13 , 746 – 761 . doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2004.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterlin , R. A. 2003 . Explaining happiness . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 100 , 11176 – 11183 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1633144100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , R. , Jones , J. R. , Stinglhamber , F. , Shanock , L. , & Randall , A. T. 2005 . Flow experiences at work: For high need achievers alone? Journal of Organizational Behavior , 26 , 755 – 775 . doi: 10.1002/job.337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson , H. 1998 . Flow and occupation: A review of the literature . Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy , 65 : 37 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferriss , A. L. 2002 . Religion and the quality of life . Journal of Happiness Studies , 3 , 199 – 215 . doi: 10.1023/A:1020684404438
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , J. , & Christakis , N. 2008 . Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study . British Medical Journal , 337 , a2338 . doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L. J. , Robbins , M. and White , A. 2003 . Correlation between religion and happiness: A replication . Psychological Reports , 92 : 51 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. 1998 . What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology , 2 , 300 – 319 . doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. 2001 . The role of positive emotions in positive psychology . American Psychologist , 56 , 218 – 226 . doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. 2004 . The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 359 , 1367 – 1377 . doi: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. 2006 . Unpacking positive emotions: Investigating the seeds of human flourishing . Journal of Positive Psychology , 1 , 57 – 59 . doi: 10.1080/17439760500510981
   Google Scholar
• Friedland , D. S. , & Price , R. H. 2003 . Underemployment: Consequences for the health and well-being of workers . American Journal of Community Psychology , 32 , 33 – 45 . doi: 10.1023/A:1025638705649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackney , C. H. , & Sanders , G. S. 2003 . Religiosity and mental health: A meta–analysis of recent studies . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 42 , 43 – 55 . doi: 10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Headey , B. 2008 . Life goals matter to happiness: A revision of set-point theory . Social Indicators Research , 86 : 213 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Headey , B. and Wearing , A. J. 1992 . Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective well-being , Melbourne : Lonman Cheshire .
   Google Scholar
• Hektner , J. 1996 . Exploring optimal personality development: A longitudinal study of adolescents (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) . University of Chicago Illinois .
   Google Scholar
• House , J. 1995 . Americans' changing lives: Waves I and II, 1986 and 1989 , Ann Arbour , MI : Survey Research Centre, University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Humphry , R. 2005 . Model of processes transforming occupations: Exploring societal and social influences . Journal of Occupational Science , 12 : 36 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Huppert , F. 2005 . “ Positive mental health in individuals and populations ” . In The science of well-being , Edited by: Huppert , F. , Baylis , N. and Keverne , B. 307 – 340 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Iverson , R. D. , & Maguire , C. 2000 . The relationship between job and life satisfaction: Evidence from a remote mining community . Human Relations , 53 , 807 – 839 . doi: 10.1177/0018726700536003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. , Thomas , P. , Marsh , H. , & Smethurst , C. 2001 . Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 13 , 129 – 153 . doi: 10.1080/104132001753149865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen , K. 2004 . If work doesn't work: How to enable occupational justice . Journal of Occupational Science , 11 : 125 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , C. D. , Hollenhorst , S. J. , Perna , F. and Selin , S. 2000 . Validation of the flow theory in an on-site whitewater kayaking setting . Journal of Leisure Research , 32 : 247 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson , H. 2008 . A new direction in the conceptualization and categorization of occupation . Journal of Occupational Science , 15 : 3 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge , T. A. , Heller , D. , & Mount , M. K. 2002 . Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 , 530 – 541 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. , Krueger , A. , Schkade , D. , Schwarz , N. , & Stone , A. 2006 . Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion . Science , 312 , 1908 – 1910 . doi: 10.1126/science.1129688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamp Dush , C. M. , & Amato , P. R. 2005 . Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 22 , 607 – 627 . doi: 10.1177/0265407505056438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan , T. B. , Biswas-Diener , R. , & King , L. A. 2008 . Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia . Journal of Positive Psychology , 3 , 219 – 233 . doi: 10.1080/17439760802303044
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , B. L. and Vecitis , R. N. 2004 . Contexts of the flow experience of women with HIV/AIDS. OTJR: Occupation . Participation and Health , 24 : 83 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig , H. G. , McCullough , M. E. and Larson , D. B. 2001 . Handbook of religion and health , San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Larson , E. A. and Zemke , R. 2003 . Shaping the temporal patterns of our lives: The social coordination of occupation . Journal of Occupational Science , 10 : 80 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Lavin , B. 2005 . “ Occupation under occupation: Days of conflict and curfew in Bethlehem ” . In Occupational therapy without borders: Learning from the spirit of survivors , Edited by: Kronenberg , F. , Algado , S. S. and Pollard , N. 40 – 45 . Edinburgh : Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , G. R. , & Ishii-Kuntz , M. 1987 . Social interaction, loneliness and emotional well-being among the elderly . Research on Ageing , 9 , 459 – 482 . doi: 10.1177/0164027587094001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeFevre , J. 1988 . “ Flow and the quality of experience during work and leisure ” . In Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness , Edited by: Csikszentmihalyi , M. and Csikszentmihalyi , I. 307 – 318 . Edinburgh : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loscocco , K. A. and Roschelle , A. R. 1991 . Influences on the quality of work and nonwork life: Two decades in review . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 39 : 182 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , R. 2007 . Long-term disability is associated with lasting changes in subjective well-being: Evidence from two nationally representative longitudinal studies . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 , 717 – 730 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , R. E. , Clark , A. E. , Georgellis , Y. , & Diener , E. 2003 . Re-examining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in marital status . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 , 527 – 539 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig , F. M. , Hattjar , B. , Russell , R. L. and Winston , K. 2007 . How caregiving for grandchildren affects grandmothers' meaningful occupations . Journal of Occupational Science , 14 : 40 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Lykken , D. 2000 . Happiness: The nature and nurture of joy and contentment , New York : St. Martin's Griffin .
   Google Scholar
• Lykken , D. , & Tellegen , A. 1996 . Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon . Psychological Science , 7 , 186 – 189 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00355.x
   Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky , S. , Sheldon , K. , & Schkade , D. 2005 . Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change . Review of General Psychology , 9 , 111 – 131 . doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
   Google Scholar
• Massimini , F. and Carli , M. 1988 . “ The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience ” . In Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness , Edited by: Csikszentmihalyi , M. and Csikszentmihalyi , I. 266 – 287 . Edinburgh : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Massimini , F. , Inghilleri , P. , & Della-Fave , A. 1996 . La selezione piscologica umana [Human Psychological Selection] ( Unpublished dissertation ). Cooperativa Libraria IULM, University of Milan , Milan , Italy .
   Google Scholar
• McGregor , I. , & Little , B. R. 1998 . Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: On doing well and being yourself . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 , 494 – 512 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.494
   Google Scholar
• McKee-Ryan , F. M. , Song , Z. , Wanberg , C. R. , & Kinicki , A. J. 2005 . Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study . Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 , 53 – 76 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehnert , T. , Kraus , H. H. , Nadler , R. and Boyd , M. 1990 . Correlates of life satisfaction in those with disabling conditions . Rehabilitation Psychology , 35 : 3 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier , S. , & Stutzer , A. 2008 . Is volunteering rewarding in itself? Economica , 75 , 39 – 59 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0335.2007.00597.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moberg , D. O. 1979 . Spiritual well-being: Sociological perspectives , Washington , DC : University Press of America .
   Google Scholar
• Moghaddam , M. 2008 . Happiness, faith, friends, and fortune: Empirical evidence from the 1998 US survey data . Journal of Happiness Studies , 9 , 577 – 587 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-008-9090-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moneta , G. 2004 . The flow model of intrinsic motivation in Chinese: Cultural and personal moderators . Journal of Happiness Studies , 5 , 181 – 217 . doi: 10.1023/B:JOHS.0000035916.27782.e4
   Google Scholar
• Moneta , G. B. , & Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1996 . The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience . Journal of Personality , 64 , 275 – 310 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00512.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin , E. 1999 . Seven complex lessons in education for the future , Paris : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• Morrow-Howell , N. , Hinterlong , J. , Rozario , P. , & Tang , F. 2003 . Effects of volunteering on the well-being of older adults . Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 58 , S137 – S145 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/58.3.S137
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy , G. C. , & Athanasou , J. A. 1999 . The effect of unemployment on mental health . Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology , 72 , 83 – 99 . doi: 10.1348/096317999166518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , D. G. 1993 . The pursuit of happiness , New York : Avon .
   Google Scholar
• Nezlek , J. B. 2000 . “ The motivational and cognitive dynamics of day-to-day social life ” . In The social mind: Cognitive and motivational aspects of interpersonal behaviour , Edited by: Forgas , J. P. , Williams , K. and Wheeler , L. 92 – 111 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , C. P. , Baltes , B. B. , Young , S. A. , Huff , J. W. , Altmann , R. A. , LaCost , H. A. , & Roberts , J. E. ( 2003 ). Relationships between psychological climate perceptions and work outcomes: A meta-analytic review Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24 , 389 – 416 . doi: 10.1002/job.198
   Google Scholar
• Perneger , T. , Hudelson , P. , & Bovier , P. 2004 . Health and happiness in young Swiss adults . Quality of Life Research , 13 , 171 – 178 . doi: 10.1023/B:QURE.0000015314.97546.60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard , N. 2006 . Comment: Is dying an occupation? . Journal of Occupational Science , 13 : 149 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , R. M. , & Deci , E. L. 2001 . On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being . Annual Review of Psychology , 52 , 141 – 166 . doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , R. M. , Huta , V. , & Deci , E. L. 2008 . Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia . Journal of Happiness Studies , 9 , 139 – 170 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff , C. D. , & Singer , B. 2000 . Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 4 , 30 – 44 . doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0401_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salanova , M. , Bakker , A. , & Llorens , S. 2006 . Flow at work: Evidence for an upward spiral of personal and organizational resources . Journal of Happiness Studies , 7 , 1 – 22 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-005-8854-8
   Google Scholar
• Salovey , P. , Rothman , A. J. , Detweiler , J. B. , & Steward , W. T. 2000 . Emotional states and physical health . American Psychologist , 55 , 110 – 121 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , M. E. P. 2002 . Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfilment , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Seligman , M. E. P. , & Csikszentmihalyi , M. 2000 . Positive psychology: An introduction . American Psychologist , 55 , 5 – 14 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon , K. , & Elliot , A. 1999 . Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 , 482 – 497 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon , K. , & Houser-Marko , L. 2001 . Self-concordance, goal attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 , 152 – 165 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon , K. , & Kasser , T. 2001 . Getting older, getting better? Personal strivings and psychological maturity across the life span . Developmental Psychology , 37 , 491 – 501 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.4.491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon , K. , Kasser , T. , Smith , K. , & Share , T. 2002 . Personal goals and psychological growth: Testing an intervention to enhance goal attainment and personality integration . Journal of Personality , 70 , 5 – 31 . doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.00176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon , K. M. , & Lyubomirsky , S. 2006 . Achieving sustainable gains in happiness: Change your actions, not your circumstances . Journal of Happiness Studies , 7 , 55 – 86 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-005-0868-8
   Google Scholar
• Snoep , L. 2008 . Religiousness and happiness in three nations: A research note . Journal of Happiness Studies , 9 , 207 – 211 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-007-9045-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone , S. D. 2003 . Workers without work: Injured workers and well-being . Journal of Occupational Science , 10 : 7 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Swinyard , W. R. , Kau , A. K. , & Phua , H. Y. 2001 . Happiness, materialism, and religious experience in the US and Singapore . Journal of Happiness Studies , 2 , 13 – 32 . doi: 10.1023/a:1011596515474
   Google Scholar
• Thoits , P. A. and Hewitt , L. N. 2001 . Volunteer work and well-being . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 42 : 115 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unruh , A. M. , Versnel , J. and Kerr , N. 2004 . “ Spirituality in the context of occupation: A theory to practice application ” . In Occupation for occupational therapists , Edited by: Molineux , M. 32 – 45 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Uppal , S. 2006 . Impact of the timing, type and severity of disability on the subjective well-being of individuals with disabilities . Social Science & Medicine , 63 , 525 – 539 . doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.01.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenhoven , R. 1988 . The utility of happiness . Social Indicators Research , 20 , 333 – 354 . doi: 10.1007/bf00302332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenhoven , R. 1991 . “ Questions on happiness: Classical topics, modern answers, blind spots ” . In Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary approach , Edited by: Strack , F. , Argyle , M. and Schwarz , N. 7 – 26 . Oxford , , UK : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Veenhoven , R. 2002 . Het grootste geluk voor het grootste aantal, geluk als richtsnoer voor beleid ( Inaugural lecture Erasmus University 31-5-2002 ). Rotterdam : Erasmus University .
   Google Scholar
• Veenhoven , R. 2008 . Healthy happiness: Effects of happiness on physical health and consequences for preventative health care . Journal of Happiness Studies , 9 , 449 – 469 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9042-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenhoven , R. ( 2010a ). Greater happiness for a greater number . Journal of Happiness Studies , 11 , 605 – 629 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-010-9204-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenhoven , R. ( 2010b ). World database of happiness. Continuous register of research on subjective appreciation of life . Available from http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl
   Google Scholar
• Waterman , A. S. 1993 . Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 678 – 691 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman , A. S. 2008 . Reconsidering happiness: A eudaimonist's perspective . The Journal of Positive Psychology , 3 , 234 – 252 . doi: 10.1080/17439760802303002
   Google Scholar
• Waterman , A. S. , Schwartz , S. J. , & Conti , R. 2008 . The implications of two conceptions of happiness (hedonic enjoyment and eudaimonia) for the understanding of intrinsic motivation . Journal of Happiness Studies , 9 , 41 – 79 . doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9020-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , A. 1988 . Variations in mothers' self-esteem in daily life . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 , 661 – 668 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.55.4.661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteford , G. 2004 . “ Occupational issues of refugees ” . In Occupation for occupational therapists , Edited by: Molineux , M. 183 – 199 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Whiteford , G. 2007 . Artistry of the everyday: Connection, continuity and context . Journal of Occupational Science , 141 : 77 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilcock , A. A. 2006 . An occupational perspective of health , Thorofare , NJ : Slack .
   Google Scholar
• Winkelmann , L. and Winkelmann , R. 1998 . Why are the unemployed so unhappy? Evidence from panel data . Economica , 65 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , J. J. , Sadlo , G. and Stew , G. 2006 . Challenge-skills and mindfulness: An exploration of the conundrum of flow process. OTJR: Occupation . Participation and Health , 26 : 25 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , J. , Sadlo , G. and Stew , G. 2007 . Further explorations into the conundrum of flow processes . Journal of Occupational Science , 14 ( 3 ) : 136 – 144 .
   Google Scholar