Notes
- C. Morrow, ‘The mediation of taste: Japanese ceramics at the 1879 Sydney International Exhibition’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Art, vol. 1, no.1, 2000, p.25; Morrow's italics.
- W. Halén, Christopher Dresser, Oxford: Phaidon: Christie's, 1990, p.38.
- Stuart Durant refers to Dresser meeting Sakata again in Japan in 1877: ‘[H]e tells in his book of an unexpected meeting in Japan with a Mr Sakata…whom he had entertained some years earlier in Tower Cressy. Whether this was earlier than 1874 it is not possible to say’ (S. Durant, Christopher Dresser, London: Academy editions, 1993, p.28).
- Australasian, 18 July 1874, p.84.
- Argus Account of the Victorian Exhibition of 1875, Argus supplement, 3 September 1875.
- Sydney Morning Herald, 24 April 1875, p.7.
- Australia was represented at Philadelphia as a series of colonial courts within one section (see International Exhibition of Philadelphia 1876. Report of the Commissioners for Victoria to his Excellency the Governor, Melbourne: Government Printer, 1877, p.3).
- Argus, 18 September 1875, p.5.
- Argus, 19 January 1875, p.7.
- Argus Account…, p.1.
- Argus, 3 September 1875, p.5.
- A. Yonemura, Yokohama: Prints from Nineteenth-Century Japan, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 1990, pp.22, 75ff.
- C. Dresser, ‘Japanese ornamentation’, Builder, 2 May 1863, p.308.
- P. Burty, ‘Les Industries de Luxe a l'exposition de Union Centrale’, Gazette des Beaux-Arts, vol.2, 1 December 1869, p.530.
- For a biography of Barry see A. Galbally, Redmond Barry: An Anglo-Irish Australian, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1995.
- For example, W. Burges, ‘The International Exhibition’, Gentleman's Magazine and the Historical Review, July 1862, p.11; C. Dresser, The Art of Decorative Design, London: Day & Sons, 1862; J.B. Waring, Masterpieces of Industrial Art and Sculpture at the International Exhibition 1862, London: Day & Sons, 1862, plate 288 and accompanying text, unpagi-nated.
- A. Jackson, ‘Imagining Japan: the Victorian perception and acquisition of Japanese culture’, Journal of Design History, vol.5, no.4, 1992, pp.245–56; see also Andrew Montana, ‘Art for all: the commercial rise of the art movement in British and Australian design and society; 1850–1895’, PhD thesis, School of Fine Arts, University of Melbourne, 1977, chapter 3, ‘Anglo-French rivalry and the formation of the Anglo-Japanese style’, and bibliography.
- T. Morris-Suzuki, The Technological Transformation of Japan from the Seventeenth to the Twenty-first Century, Cambridge/Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp.1–104.
- C. Dresser, Japan: Its Architecture, Art and Art Manufactures, (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1882), New York/London: Garland Publishing facsimile, 1977, p.51.
- R. Alcock, ‘Japanese art’, Art Journal, April 1875, p.101. The series continued until the beginning of 1878.
- Argus, 6 May 1862, p.7.
- See Catalogue of the Works of Art, Ornamental and Decorative Art, Exhibited by the Trustees of the Public Library and Museum in March, April and May, 1869, Melbourne: Mason, Firth & Co., 1869.
- Catalogue of the Museum of Art: Collection of Casts of Statues, Busts and Bas-reliefs in the Museum of Art, Melbourne: Melbourne Public Library, undated [1867], p.86. The State Library of Victoria's copy is inscribed by Redmond Barry to Lady Eastlake, and dated 27 March 1867. The section cataloguing stereoscopic views is dated 1864 and possibly represents photographs by the Italian Felice Beato.
- Report of the Trustees of the Public Library, Museums and National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, 1870–1871, p.66.
- See C. Downer, ‘Portfolios for the curious: photographic collecting by the Melbourne Public Library’, in A. Galbally and A. Inglis (eds), The First Collections: the Public Library and National Gallery of Victoria in the 1850s and 1860s, Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 1992, pp.73–79; Downer refers to photographs of America, Europe, the Holy Land and of the monuments from Ancient Rome and Renaissance Italy but nothing from Japan.
- Argus, 31 July 1875, p.8; for Parkes see Sir L. Stephen and Sir S. Lee (eds), The Dictionary of National Biography, London: Oxford University Press, 1968, pp.296–304.
- ibid.
- ibid.
- In accord with western practice, Australian reports usually reversed the Japanese structure of placing the family name before the first name. This European idiom has been returned outside of quotations for the sake of consistency throughout this article.
- Official Catalogue of Exhibits, Melbourne, By Authority of the Commissioners, Victorian Intercolonial Exhibition 1875. Preparatory to the Philadelphia Exhibition 1876, Melbourne: Royal Commissioners, 1875, p.276.
- Town and Country Journal, 28 February 1880, p.401.
- Argus, 6 August 1875, p.7.
- H. Frei, ‘Japan discovers Australia; the emergence of Australia in the Japanese world view, 1540s-1900’, Monumenta Nipponica: Studies in Japanese Culture, vol.39, Spring 1984, p.68. Hashimoto kept a journal of the visit to Australia for, as Frei suggests, Japanese Government circulation.
- Argus, 24 July 1875, p.5.
- ibid.
- South Australian Register, 12 October 1875, p.5.
- Argus, 4 August 1875, p.8.
- Argus, 5 August 1875, p.8.
- Argus, 3 August 1875, p.3; 30 August 1875, p.5.
- F.W. Fenton, The Exhibition, 1875. How to See It. A Complete Guide with Plan of Building and Ground, Melbourne: W.H. Williams, 1875, p.23.
- Argus, 13 August 1875, p.5.
- Argus, 3 September 1875, pp.5–6.
- Argus, 18 September 1875, p.5.
- Australasian Sketcher, 30 October 1875, p.119.
- Argus Account…, p.2.
- ibid.
- ibid.
- ibid.
- Age, 3 September 1875, p.3; the ‘Shippo-Kuwaisha’ and the ‘Kiriu-Kosho-Kuwaisha’ are included in the list of Japanese exhibitors at the Philadelphia International Exhibition (see International Exhibition 1876, Reports and Awards, vol.3, Washington: United States Centennial Commission, 1880, pp.565, 568.
- Halén, Christopher Dresser, p.39.
- R. Lane, Japanese Arts & Crafts in the Meiji Era, Tokyo: Pan Pacific Press, 1958, p.114.
- Age, 3 September 1875, p.3.
- Argus, 21 May 1866, p.1.
- D. Walker, Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia 1850–1939, Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1999, p.58. I am grateful to Janet Heywood for bringing this study to my attention.
- J.H. Brooke left Melbourne to live in Japan at the end of 1866 (see Australian News for Home Readers, 20 December 1866, p.2).
- Argus, 28 September 1867 p.6; the ‘Impressions of Japan’ series was also published in the Australasian between August and early November 1867; it is possible that this ‘Dr Beatto’ was the photographer, Felice Beato.
- Argus, 8 May 1875, p.10.
- Argus, 29 May 1875, p.10.
- Catalogue of Exhibits at the Metropolitan Intercolonial Exhibition, Prince Alfred Park, Sydney, 1870, pp.47, 49, 52.
- ‘The pleasure city of Japan’, Argus, 25 September 1875, p.4; Sydney Morning Herald, 6 August 1875, p.5.
- Australasian Sketcher, 17 May 1873, p.24.
- Argus, 16 November 1867, p.6; 19 November 1867, p.5; known as the ‘Tycoon Troupe’, a Japanese group of six men and women performed at the Royal Haymarket Theatre, Melbourne, until December before touring other parts of Australia.
- Argus, 15 November 1875, p.5. Performances, including matinees for families and schools, were held at the Polytechnic Hall, Bourke Street; see also Mercury, 21 October 1875, p.3.
- W.H. Archer, ‘The progress of Victoria’, International Exhibition Essays. 1872–3, Melbourne: Government Printer, 1873, p.14; an April 1871 census recorded seven Japanese living in Victoria.
- Argus, 3 August 1870, p.7.
- M. Eagle, ‘The Mikado syndrome: was there an orient in Asia for the Australian ‘impressionist’ painters?’, Australian Journal of Art, vol.6, 1987, pp.45–63.
- Argus, 3 August 1870, p.7.
- ‘Lancelot’, ‘Japanese art’, Argus, 15 November 1884, p.4: ‘It must ever be borne in mind by the student or admirer of the art of this interesting people, that all branches of Japanese art are decorative’.
- Fenton, The Exhibition, 1875…, p.23.
- Argus Account…, p.2; Christopher Dresser also perpetrated this through his account of Japanese artists at work: ‘The same artist next drew a small landscape; but it is scarcely necessary to say that Japanese landscapes lack the charm of their drawings of birds, fishes, insects and flowers’ (Dresser, Japan: its Architecture…, pp.59–60).
- Argus, 7 October 1875, p.5.
- Argus, 7 September 1875, p.7.
- ibid; see J. Labarte's translated text Handbook of the Arts of the Middle Ages and Renaissance: As Applied to the Decoration of Furniture, Arms, &c, &c, London: John Murray, 1855, chapter IV, ‘Enamels’, pp.101–89.
- Argus, 8 September 1875, p.7.
- ibid.
- ibid; claims to knowledge about the origins of Japan as presented in the Official Catalogue's introduction to the Japanese Court were also disputed by the writer of ‘Romance of Japanese life and history’, Argus, 11 September 1875, p.4.
- ibid.
- Argus, 8 October 1875, p.7.
- South Australian Register, 11 October 1875, p.5.
- ibid, 12 October 1875, p.5.
- ibid, 14 October 1875, p.5.
- ibid, 15 October 1875, p.5
- ibid; Argus, 26 October 1875, p.5.
- South Australian Register, 28 October 1875, p.6.
- ibid, 25 October 1875, p.7.
- ibid, 18 October 1875, p.5.
- Mercury, 29 October 1875, p.2.
- ibid.
- Walker, Anxious Nation…, p.57; Walker's reference is Town and Country Journal, 11 March 1871, pp.300–01.
- R.L.J. Ellery, International Exhibition Essays, 1872–3, Melbourne: Government Printer 1873, pp.24–25.
- ibid, p.25.
- Official Catalogue of Exhibits. Victorian Intercolonial Exhibition, 1875, p.95.
- ibid, pp.94–97.
- Argus, 10 November 1875, p.5.
- Morris-Suzuki, The Technological Transformation…, p.84.
- Argus, 12 November 1875, p.5.
- Argus, 17 November 1875, p.9.
- Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition of 1876 (Melbourne 1875). Official Record, Melbourne: McCarron, Bird & Co., 1875, p.xxx (the ‘indefatigable’ Mrs Timbrell received more medals and a £20 encouragement bonus, p.94).
- Argus, 22 October 1875, p.6.
- Frei, ‘Japan discovers Australia…’, p.69; Mort's expansion of the industry in New South Wales was reported on by the Sydney Morning Herald, 4 September 1875, p.5, and soon after by the Melbourne Argus.
- Argus, 25 November 1875, p.5.
- Argus, 30 November 1875, p.5; research into the Melbourne Town Hall collection has not uncovered these items.
- ibid.
- Sydney Morning Herald, 4 December 1875, p.8.
- Harry S. Parkes to Redmond Barry, 20 June 1876, Yedo [Tokyo], Victorian Miscellaneous Letters, Victorian Public Record Series 5831, unit 6.
- Town and Country Journal, 28 February 1880, p.401.
- Australasian Sketcher, 3 August 1878, p.70.
- Frei, ‘Japan discovers Australia…’, pp.69–70. Like Hashimoto in 1875, Sakata kept a journal of his 1879 mission to Australia for private circulation.
- ibid, p.70; trade statistics tabled in mid-1879 indicate that Japanese exports to the Australian colonies totalled £35,534 and imports from Australia to Japan totalled £18,729. The bulk of the exports to Australia was rice and tea (see Descriptions of the Empire of Japan and Statistics, Melbourne: Mason, Firth & McCutcheon, 1881, p.31).
- Sydney Mail, 3 April 1880, p.647.