Edith Cavell: martyr or patriot

Notes

• P. Buitenhuis, The Great War of Words: Literature as Propaganda 1914r-1918 and After, London: Batsford, 1987, p.29; C. Shute, ‘Blood votes and the bestial boche’, Hecate, vol.2, no.2, 1976, p.17.
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• ‘Martyrdom of Miss Edith Cavell. The foulest crime’, Argus, 23 October 1915, p.19.
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• Cavell advocated new methods of nursing in publications in Nursing News and at conferences. At the time of her death her training methods were being used in four hospitals in Belgium: ‘In memory of Miss Cavell: Simple service at St Paul's. Queen Alexandra present’, The Times (London), 30 October 1915, p.106; J. Bauberot, ‘The Protestant woman’ in G. Fraisse and M. Perrot, A History of Women: Vol. 4, Emerging Feminism from Revolution to World War, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1993, p.238.
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• Her friend Mrs Watson of Great Western, Victoria in ‘Australian friend's tribute’, Register, 25 October 1915.
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• Mrs Constable, of Hobart in ‘Killing of Miss Cavell, a friend in Hobart: a nurse's appreciation’, Argus (Melbourne), 26 October 1915.
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• Edith Cavell, quoted in R. Ryder, Edith Cavell, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1975, p.143.
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• F. Thébaud, ‘The Great War and the triumph of sexual division’, in F. Thébaud (ed.), A History of Women in the West: Vol.5: Toward Cultural Identity in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994, p.55.
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• M. Edelman, ‘Rescue through the wards’, c.1975 review of R. Ryder, Edith Cavell, source unknown, in the Edith Cavell Trust Fund scrap book, National Archives of Victoria, Melbourne, M396. Ryder's argument is that Cavell admitted too easily to the charges against her and others.
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• ‘Miss Cavell's execution: American ambassador's dispatch’, Register, 22 October 1915, p.8.
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• RAMC Dobbs, in “The Diary of R Macleod Yearsley’, c.1938, Imperial War Museum, London, unpublished MSS.
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• Edith Cavell to Eddy, 11 March 1915, cited in Ryder, Edith Cavell, p.143.
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• Edith Cavell quoted in Ready to Die: The Story of Edith Cavell, Exeter: Religious and Moral Education Press, 1980, p.15.
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• Ryder, Edith Cavell, p.128.
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• ‘Nurse Cavell's death. Conventions or chivalry?’, Register, 30 October 1915, p.9.
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• F. Tuohy, The Secret Corps, A Tale of ‘Intelligence’ on all Fronts, London: Murray, 1920, p.22.
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• The French executed Felice Pfast for passing on information to the Germans about French movements in Paris (J. Wheelwright, The Fatal Lover: Mata Hari and the Myth of Women in Espionage, London: Juliet Gardiner and Collins and Brown, 1992, pp.116–17).
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• The Germans executed a Belgian woman, Louise Frenay, in June 1915 for passing on information to the Allies about German movements (‘Killing of Miss Cavell. Last hours described. World-wide horror’, Argus [Melbourne], 25 October 1915, p.7).
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• ‘Why Miss Cavell was shot. To frighten women. The German defence’, The Times (London), 26 October 1915, p.10.
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• ‘Englishwoman executed in Belgium: Charge of helping our soldiers’, The Times (London), 16 October 1915, p.8.
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• Linda Nochlin, Representing Women, London: Thames and Hudson, 1999, p.46.
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• ibid, pp.35–57.
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• ‘The martyrdom of Miss Cavell’, The Times (London), 25 October 1915, p.9; ‘Women and Nurse Cavell’, The Times (London), 23 October 1915, p.8.
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• ‘Miss Cavell's executioners. Punishment after the war’, Register, 29 October 1915.
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• Wheelwright, The Fatal Lover…, p.125.
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• ibid.
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• ibid.
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• For a detailed discussion of this see C. Speck, ‘Australian women war artists’, PhD thesis, Visual Arts, Monash University (Clayton Campus), Melbourne, 1996. See also, A. Cooper, ‘Textual territories: gendered cultural politics and Australian representations of the war 1914–1918’ in Australian Historical Studies, vol.25, no.100, 1993, pp.403–21; K. Holmes, ‘Day mothers and night sisters: World War I nurses and sexuality’, in J. Damousi and M. Lake, Gender and War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp.43–59.
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• Wheelwright, The Fatal Lover…, p.119.
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• ‘Englishwoman executed’, Register, 19 October 1915.
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• ‘The execution of Miss Cavell: Resolve to stay at her post’, The Times (London), 18 October 1915, p.5.
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• ‘Killing of Miss Cavell…’.
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• Edith Cavell, quoted in Ryder, Edith Cavell, p.210.
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• ‘Killing of Miss Cavell…’.
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• Dr Benn, the German Government's Chief Medical Officer in Brussels in 1915, quoted in A.E. Clark-Kennedy, Edith Cavell: Pioneer and Patriot, London: Faber, 1965, p.225.
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• Ryder, Edith Cavell, p.214.
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• ‘The death of Miss Cavell; letter from King and Queen’, The Times (London), 26 October 1915, p.8.
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• ‘Martyrdom of Miss Edith Cavell….’.
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• ‘In memory of Miss Cavell…’.
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• G. Lloyd, ‘Selfhood, war and masculinity’, in C. Pateman and E. Gross (eds), Feminist Challenges: Social and Political Theory, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1985, p.75.
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• The secretary of the American Legation and the Spanish Ambassador were unsuccessful in a last minute call for a stay of execution (‘Miss Cavell's execution…’).
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• Baron Oscar von der Lancken, Thirty Years Service, quoted in Wheelright, The Fatal Lover…, p.122.
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• R.M. Dunbar (words and music), Nurse Cavell: A Song of Remembrance, Sydney: Nash's Music Store, undated, National Archives of Australia, Canberra, A133611, item 16931. The Army and Navy of the British Empire endorsed the song-sheet.
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• An earlier film, The Killing of Nurse Cavell, was made in 1915 in England by the Morality Players (Wheelwright, The Fatal Lover…, p.120).
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• These films have not survived the ravages of time (A. Pike and R. Cooper, Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1980, pp.78–80.
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• Pike and Cooper, Australian Film…, p.78. It is most unlikely that Cavell died in her nurse's dress as she was imprisoned for a number of weeks prior to her execution, and the photograph of her at her arrest shows her out of uniform. There is no mention in any account of these events or in her letters that she requested that her uniform be brought to the prison, moreover the photograph of her at court shows her out of uniform and dressed in street clothes.
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• The trust fund was also set up to assist returned nurses (‘Proposed memorial: a women's movement’, Argus (Melbourne), 20 October 1915; ‘Edith Cavell Memorial Fund’, Edith Cavell Trust Fund minutes book, 24 January 1916 and 7 February 1916, National Archives of Victoria, M288).
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• Beryl Trigellis Smith, ‘Edith Cavell Memorial Service annual address, 1974’, Edith Cavell Trust Fund minutes book, 21 April 1974, National Archives of Victoria, M288.
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• The Victorian Artists’ Society Bulletin noted in its 10 September 1917 issue that Baskerville's design for the memorial had been accepted.
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• ‘Memorial's service at new site’, undated newspaper cutting appended to 1962 Annual Edith Cavell Memorial Service booklet, Edith Cavell Trust Fund scrap book, National Archives of Victoria, M396/0. The memorial was moved from St Kilda Road to Bird- wood Avenue, near the Shrine of Remembrance, because its St Kilda Road site was allotted to the new cultural centre.
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• ‘The Edith Cavell special appeal’, Edith Cavell Trust Fund, National Archives of Victoria, M289.
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• ‘Melbourne matters’, Lone Hand, March 1919, p.29; Baskerville had received two progress payments by this stage, one on 13 October 1917 for £90 and a second on 26 September 1919 for £60, but the third payment of £150 for the new version did not occur until October 1926 (Edith Cavell Trust Fund minutes book, vol.1, and Edith Cavell Trust Fund minutes book 1915–1919, National Archives of Victoria, M288 and M294/0 respectively). The third payment was for £50 more than the agreed total sum of £250, and while no explanation is given it was probably due to the totally changed nature of the sculpture.
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• Graeme Sturgeon, The Development of Australian Sculpture 1788–1975, London: Thames and Hudson, 1978, p.51.
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• ‘Nurse Edith Cavell. A Melbourne memorial’, Age (Melbourne), 12 November 1926. The Edith Cavell Memorial was unveiled on Armistice Day, 1926, by Lieutenant General Henry Chauvel, Inspector General of the Commonwealth Military Forces. Special seats were reserved for the returned nurses and a large number attended.
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• The Edith Cavell Trust Fund continued to hold the annual Anzac Day ceremony there until 1973 when the Trust Fund wound up its affairs, its funds spent, and it handed over the responsibility for the ceremony to the Florence Nightingale Victorian War Nurses Trust (History of the Edith Cavell Trust Fund, National Archives of Victoria, M287).
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• Dr Benn, the German government's Chief Medical Officer in Brussels in 1915, quoted in Clark-Kennedy, Edith Cavell…, p.225.
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• Arthur Wood quoted in Ryder, Edith Cavell, p.133.
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• Wheelright, The Fatal Lover…, p.124.
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