NOTES
- This essay is a version of a keynote address delivered at the conference Site+Sight: Translation? Globalization? organised by the Earl Lu Gallery as part of the Singapore Arts Festival 2002.
- See, for example, The London Review of Books, 23:19 (Oct.4,2001) and the ongoing debate in the letters column.
- Mike Davis,”The Flames of New York”, New Left Review 12 (Nov/Dec 2001).
- See Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (New York: Simon & Schuster 1996). This inflammatory book predicts a global “showdown” between the Christian west and the Islamic world. It has attracted an enthusiastic readership that includes Dick Cheney and the late Pim Fortyun.
- Michael Hardt. “Today's Bandung?”. New Left Review 14 (March/April 2002) 112–118. On positive globalization see D. Archibugi, “Demos and Cosmopolis”, New Left Review 13 (Jan/Feb 2002) 24–38. And for the most ambitious and best known defense of radical transnationalism, see Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001). The point has often been made that the most visible organisations in the struggle against economic globalization have themselves been transnational in structure or orientation.
- See, for example, Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. (London: Sage 1992) also many of the essays in ed. Mike Featherstone, Global Culture. Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity. (London: Sage 1990) and eds. Mike Featherstone, Scott Lasch, and Roland Robertson, Global Modernities, (London: Sage 1992). For a sampling of neo-Marxist positions on globalization see; eds. Fredric Jameson, and Masao Miyoshi, The Cultures of Globalization (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press 1998). Historians, who have weighed into the debates rather late, seem, predictably perhaps, to claim that contemporary globalization is merely the latest manifestation of impulses and tendencies that can be traced back through history more or less indefinitely. See, for example, the essays in ed. A.G. Hopkins, Globalization in World History (London: Pimlico 2002).
- It should be stressed that for the proponents of this “culturalist” perspective this emerging global consciousness does not, in itself, lend any weight to the hypothesis that global cultures are rapidly becoming homogenised. Rather, they feel, it implies only that regional cultural uniqueness must increasingly be defined in and against a global context, somehow conceived.
- Slavoj Zizek, “Multiculturalism or the Logic of Multinational capitalism”, New Left Review 225 (1997) 46.
- This is not to suggest that such works warrant reduction to their conditions of production alone, or that they are not semantically and aesthetically rich in many ways. The Delvoye piece, for example, plays very cleverly with the survival of Dutch baroque motifs in the “folkloric” traditions of an ex-colony.
- Talk given by M.A. Greenstein at the College of Fine Arts, University of New South Wales (1999).
- This work existed both as an exhibition and as a discrete publication. Most recently it has been shown in its entirety at Documenta 11—an exhibition which represents, at the time of writing, the most comprehensive and ambitious attempt to deal with artistic responses to globalization in a post 9/11 world. Allan Sekula, Fish Story (Rotterdam 1995). The Todd Shipyard photograph is No.6 (16).
- In a similar vein the Benin artist Meshac Gaba displayed and sold small sculptures made from shredded banknotes at Documenta 11.
- Karl Marx, Capital vol. 3, (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1972), 830.
- For example: “Aboriginal Art is at its best as powerful as any abstract painting I can think of. I kept remembering Jackson Pollock, who also spread the emotional weight of thought and action throughout the empty spaces of his canvas.” Kay Larson, New York October 28, 1988.
- For further discussion of the reception of African art and craft see David McNeill, “Toys, Tourism and Hybridity” in Making Do. Exhibition Catalogue, Ivan Dougherty Gallery, (Sydney 1999) and David McNeill; “African Marketplace” in African Marketplace. Exhibition Catalogue, Ivan Dougherty Gallery, (Sydney 2002).
- Marc Augé, Non-Places. Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity (London:Verso 1995).
- Paul Theroux, Sunrise With Seamonsters (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1986) 33; cited in Ulf Hannerz, Transnational Connections (London: Routledge 1996) 104–105.
- These works have all been widely reproduced. See for example, eds. J. Noth, et al. China Avant-Garde (Berlin 1993), ed. James Lingwood Eric Bulatov. Moscow (London: Parkett Press, 1989), Regina Khidekel, It's the Real Thing (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1998).