NOTES
- The Third Reich Minister of the Interior, who promulgated the Eugenic Sterilisation Law, justified it on ethical grounds, according to The New York Times, 22 January 1934, 6: “We want to prevent poisoning the entire bloodstream of the race,” he claimed. “We go beyond neighborly love; we extend it to future generations. Therein lies the high ethical value and justification of the law.”
- Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985; 1995. As Kevles writes, 117: “Physicians had to report all unfit persons to hundreds of Hereditary Health Courts established to adjudicate the German procreational future. Decisions could be appealed to a higher eugenic court, whose rulings were final and could be carried out by force if necessary. Within three years, German authorities had sterilised some two hundred and twenty-five thousand people…“; in other words, between 1934 and 1936. When Euthenasia Legislation was passed, nearly three hundred thousand were identified for ‘mercy killing’ starting with the five-month-old blind and deformed boy, Gerhard Kretschmar, whose parents had written to Hitler in 1939 seeking permission to kill their son; refer “Hitler's first ‘mercy killing’”, The Telegraph, London, 7 October 2003. The sterilisation and euthanasia programmes were complemented by the Lebensborn programme for selective breeding between ‘Aryan’ couples—particularly SS Officers with blond-haired, blue-eyed women—to perpetuate ‘desirable genotypes’. The Nazi government also gave family loans to married couples deemed ‘biologically sound’; the birth of a baby reduced the loan indebtedness by 25%.
- By 1933, Paul Popenoe proudly announced that sterilisation laws had been passed in nations affecting some one hundred and fifty million people; ref. Paul Popenoe to Ruggles Gates, 12 December 1933, Ruggles Gates Papers, Kings College, London. However, despite Popenoe's and Eugenics Societies’ support of the Nazi Sterilisation Legislation, mainline eugenics was beginning to be discredited publicly as a flawed science. To corroborate this point, Kevles, op.cit., 164, cites the American Geneticist and future Nobel Laureate, Hermann J. Muller, who in 1935 wrote that eugenics had become “hopelessly perverted” into a pseudo-science for “advocates of race and class prejudice, defenders of vested interests of church and state, Fascists, Hitlerites, and reactionaries generally.” When the British Joint Committee on Mental Deficiency reported its findings in 1934, it claimed it was difficult “to say with certainty that the genetic endowment of any individual is such that it must produce a given result.” When the American Neurological Association reported on eugenic sterilisation in 1936, it stressed: “There is at present no sound scientific basis for sterilisation on account of morality or character defect.” Paradoxically, as Elazar Barkan points out in The Retreat of Scientific Racism, Cambridge University Press, 1992, at the very time eugenics was being realized in State policies, hereditary theories of eugenics were being scientifically disproven.
- In his “Preface”, 1995, Kevles, op.cit., note 2, ix, states: “The laws and programs they fostered supplied a model for the Nazis.” German eugenicists, who had lobbied for the Eugenic Sterilisation Law, claimed they owed “a great debt” to American precedent, particularly the Gosney and Popenoe Report on the California Eugenics Programme; refer Marie E. Kopp, “Legal and Medical Aspects of Eugenic Sterilisation in Germany”, American Sociological Review, I, October 1936. In 1936, Harry Laughlin, keeper of the Long Island Eugenics Record Office, was awarded an honorary doctorate of medicine by the University of Heidelberg; refer Kevles, 118.
- ibid.
- Due to its frequent usage by Eugenics Education Societies, “Feeble-minded menace” became a key-term in Neo-Darwinist eugenics discourses to signify that those suffering both mental and physiological ‘degeneracy’ were proliferating at a menacing rate. It became the subject of many books as demonstrated by Henry H. Goddard, Feeble-mindedness: Its Causes and Consequences, Macmillan, 1914.
- In his introduction Kevles, Ibid xiii, mentions that he was moved to write his history due to the “shadow” cast “over all contemporary discourse concerning human genetic manipulation”. He subsequently recalls, 251: “After the second World War, “eugenics” became a word to be hedged with caveats in Britain and virtually a dirty word in the United States, where it had long been identified with racism.” Denial has also proved a common response, as pointed out by William H. Schneider, Quality and Quantity. The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-Century France, Cambridge University Press, 1990, 3–7. Despite the formidable French eugenic trajectory unfolding from the nineteenth-century Ligue des droits du l'homme to Vichy, Schneider finds most French historians regard eugenics as only a British, American or German phenomenon.
- In Traité des Dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'Espèce humaine et des Causes qui produisent ces Variétés maladives, Paris, 1857, 17, Augustin Morel identified the anatomical “stigmata” of ‘degeneracy’ in terms of “such assymetries as the unequal development of the two halves of the face and cranium; the imperfection in the development of the external ear, which is conspicuous for its enormous size, or protrudes from the head, like a handle, and the lobe of which is either lacking or adhering to the had, and the helix of which is not involuted; further, squint-eyes, hare lips, irregularities in the form and position of the teeth; pointed or flat palates; webbed or supernumerary fingers (syn- and poly-dactylia), etc.” Morel's definition was accompanied by some photographs taken by Baillarger at Salpêtrière Hospital.
- James was a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (F.R.C.S.), a Major in His Majesty's Service (I.M.S.) and British Medical Advisor in the Patialia State of India.
- TOME PREMIER, Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtriére, Clinique des maladies du système nerveux, was published in 1888. Thirty-four years later, ‘Salpêtrière's New Iconography’ ceased publication at the end of 1922.
- Biometry first emerged as a speciality within zoology. In 1894, the Royal Society established a committee for conducting statistical enquiries into measurable characteristics of plants and animals, which led to the formation of Biometric schools and a Biometric Laboratory at the University of London, directed by Pearson. The aims of the Laboratory as determined by Pearson, were for research and data storage, as well as education of “practical eugenic” workers. Eugenics then became a testing ground for his new scientific methodology of Biometry. ‘Biometrika’, launched by Pearson in 1906, was a means of publishing his Laboratory's research into the comparative effects of heredity and environment upon genetics.
- Treasury of Human Inheritance, ed. Karl Pearson, Dulau and Co., Ltd., London, 1912.
- ibid., Preface, viii.
- Bruno Latour, “Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands”, Knowledge and Society, Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present, Volume 6, 1986, 1–40.
- John Tagg, The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories, The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1988,81.
- Major C. H. James, “Three Varieties of Dwarfs”, The Indian Medical Gazette, Vol. XLV, November 1910, 443–446. James’ photograph was Illustration 3.
- Le Dr. A. Zimmern (ancien interne des hôpitaux), “Sur un cas de Rachitisme Familial”, La Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Tome XIV, 1901, 299–304. Londe's photograph was Plate XLIII.
- C H James, Ibid., 443–444. Only with special permission from the Maharaja had James been able to assemble and photograph these “five very fine specimens of dwarfs in Patiala town.” “For want of a better term”, he reluctantly referred to them as “deformed. “To relativize this term, he draws attention to “the absolute symmetry of the limbs” of his second and third subjects and ways in which both had achieved, despite Infantilism, perfectly proportioned heads and trunks.
- ibid., 444. James points out that Sewa Singh was not just a skilful horse-rider and roller-skater, but played many sports well. Civil-servant, Hamel Singh was “intelligent”, reading and writing English, Gurkhali and Urdu, while Sikh barber, Wazir Singh had a “normal” IQ.
- ibid.
- ibid., 304: “… les notions pathogéniques actuelles que nous possédons sur la question démontrent surabondamment que c'est dans les conditions d'hygiène alimentaire defecteuse qu'il faut chercher la raison véritable des accidents rachitique.” Zimmern continues: “Il est à peu près certain que l'insuffisance nutritive, la mauvaise direction de l'alimentation pendant les premiers mois, l'usage immodéré du bibeeron, le sevrage prémature jouent le principal rôle dans la genèse de la dystrophie et sont la cause véritable des désordres…” In his history, Zimmern points out that while the children's father was an alcoholic, the mother had to work long hours every day to financially support the family.
- Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror, An Essay on Abjection, 1st pb. Pouvoirs de l'horreur, 1980; trans. Leon S. Roudiez, Columbia University Press, New York, 1982.
- Karl Pearson, The Life, Letters, and Labours of Francis Galton, 3 vols., Cambridge University Press, 1914–1930, vol. III, 348.
- Francis Galton, Inquiry into Human Faculty and its Development, Macmillan, London and New York, 1883, 24–25: “Eugenics is the science of improving stock… by no means confined to questions of judicious mating, but which… takes cognisance of all influences that tend to, however remote a degree, to give the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable than they otherwise would have been.”
- John C. Waller, “Gentlemanly Men of Science: Sir Francis Galton and the Professionalization of the British Life Sciences,” Journal of the history of biology, Vol., 34, no. 1, Spring 2001, 99:“… it was Galton ‘s Anthropological Laboratory that most successfully brought his scientific work to the attention of the general public. Within a year of opening his first laboratory in 1884, he had weighed, measured and tested nearly 10,000 people, including William Ewart Gladstone.”
- Chief of the Paris police identification bureau, Alphonse Bertillon devised a system of identifying criminals by detailed anthropometric measurements of their heads and limbs, as well as smaller parts of their bodies. This information was to be correlated on their identity cards with verbal descriptions of such discrete anatomical parts as ears, nose, eyes, hands, including the shape of nails and fingertips. With the refinement of criminal photography, these descriptions were supplanted by detailed photographs alongside the ‘mug-shot’; refer Alphonse Bertillon, Instructions Signatétiques, Album, Melun Imprimerie Administrative, 1893. Paradoxically, while Bertillon claimed to be able to identify a criminal simply by their ear morphology, he failed to identify the ears of his assassinator. Galton's readiness to submit to Bertillon's criminology was consistent with his co-operation with British criminologists to assess the efficacy of fingerprints at this time.
- Francis Galton, “Co-relations and their Measurements, chiefly from Anthrompometric Data”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 45, 1888, 135–45. Galton offered prizes of up to £500 for the most detailed sets of family data. With the data accumulated from the Anthropometric Laboratory, called the Record of Family Faculties, he set out to prove that hereditary could be statistically calculated.
- Francis Galton, “Composite Portraits Made by Combining Those of Many Different Persons into a Single Resultant Figure”, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 8, London, 1878. By giving each person a fraction of a normally adequate exposure, Galton was able to combine the separate individual elements into a single generic or composite image. From individual portraits of members of families, Galton produced family composites to examine the hereditary transmission of physiological character and, in keeping with eugenics, predict the incidence of physiological and psychological characteristics between generations. These results were published in 1889 in his highly influential book, Natural Inheritance.
- Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Enquiry into its Laws and Consequences, Macmillan, London, 1869; repb. 1892
- Galton's mother, Violetta Darwin, was the second daughter of Erasmus Darwin.
- Francis Galton, “Kantsaywhere”, GP (UCL), no. 138/6.
- Francis Galton, Essays in Eugenics, The Eugenics Education Society, London, 1909, 42. Bowled over by his cousin, Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species, it proved the catalyst for Galton's eugenic crusade to determine how human beings could accelerate the process of evolution.
- Galton, “Kantsajwhere”. 15.
- Kevles, Ibid., 17–18. Despite its scientific influence, Kevles states that Galton's Natural Inheritance lacked “rigor” and was “in places wrong”.
- Ernest J. Lidbetter, Heredity and the Social Problem Group, vol. 1, Edward A. Arnold, 1933, 5–6.
- As unemployment, like mental incompetence, moral irresponsibility and thriftlessness were identified with inheritance and biological destiny, paupers supposedly spawned paupers, just as criminals were meant to beget criminals.
- Jürgen Habermas, The Future of Human Nature, (1st pb. Die Zukunft der menschlichen Nature. Postmetaphysical thinking Auf dem Weg zu einer liberalen Eugenik?, Suhrkamp Verlag, 2001) Polity Press, 2003, 86: “Parents can't even know whether a mild physical handicap may not prove in the end to be an advantage for their child.”
- Kristeva, Ibid. While ‘National Efficiency’ was the term used by the Asquith Government when it came to power in April 1908, the concept emanated from Britain's defeat in the Boer War. While ‘race hygiene’ tended to be used in Germany and ‘puericulture’ and ‘régénération’ used in France, particularly by Neo-Malthusians, ‘regeneration’ was the term commonly used in Europe.
- Guido de Wert et al, Ethics and Genetics, Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford, 2003; Philip Kitcher, The Lives to Come: The Genetic Revolution and Human Possibilities, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996.
- John Harris, “Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics?”, Bioethics: An Anthology, eds. Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer, Blackwell, 2002, 165–170.
- Kristeva, Ibid. 11.
- Wellcome Institute, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, SA/EUG/B.l, Eugenics Society: Early Papers regarding its formation, 1908. Lyndsay Andrew Farrell, The Origins and Growth of the English Eugenics Movement 1865–1925, Garland Publishing Inc., New York, 1985, 168.
- Wellcome Institute, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, SA/EUG/B. 1, Amongst the five hundred members, who paid £1.1/-, p.a., to the first Eugenics Education Society were twenty- two university professors, four vice-chancellors, many school masters, including Edward Lyttleton, headmaster of Eton and James Welldon, headmaster of Harrow, as well as such eminent figures as Lowes Dickinson, Maynard Keynes and Sir Joseph Larmor, Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge. They were galvanized by Mrs. Sybil Grotto. In his tribute to her, Major Leonard Darwin wrote: “The world would never know what it owed to one woman, Mrs. Grotto, who by her vision, inspiration and self-sacrifice started so many wheels rolling for the benefit of the whole human race.” A 21-year-old widow who was in her own words “blown-away by Galton's books”, Grotto approached Galton in 1907 about forming a society. While the 85-year-old Galton declined the position of President, he did write the policy statement and consented to having it printed with his signature in 1908. On 14 October 1908, he read a paper at the inaugural Eugenics Education Society meeting at the Grafton Galleries—the same galleries that exhibited Roger Fry's Post-Impressionism in 1910 and 1912.
- Wellcome Institute, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, SA/EUG/B. 1: By contributing £50 p.a. to the funding of Eugenics Review, Galton guaranteed its publication.
- Alfred Pichou, “L'Elite”, Revue internationale de Sociologie, 14, 1896, 583–584. Pichou proposed inauguration of “a philanthropic association for the conservation of life and improvement of the human species” called L'Elite. For the sake of a healthier, larger population, he advocated intermarriage amongst “those beings not yet afflicted with physical degeneration, hereditary defects and transmissable illnesses”. Despite late nineteenth century pressure from Georges Vacher de Lepouge for foundation of a Société française d'eugénique, its catalyst proved to be the International Eugenics Congress; refer Anne Carol, Histoire de l'eugénisme en France, Les médecins et la procréation XIX-XXe siècle, Éditions du Seuil, Paris, 1995, 66–81.
- Wellcome Institute, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, SA/EUG/B. 1; refer their poster for a course of lectures entitled ‘Eugenics and Social Work’ in 1914.
- Farrell, ibid. 63.
- Wellcome Institute, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, SA/EUG/B.1. For more on eugenic societies in Australia, refer Diana Wyndham, Striving for National Fitness: Eugenics in Australia, 1910–1930, Ph.D., University of Sydney, 1998.
- The Honourable T. A. Coglan was the New South Wales Delegate to the Congress; refer Wellcome Institute, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, SA/EUG/B. 1.
- Major Darwin was a surgeon, as well as a Royal Engineer and prominent member of the Geographical Society. During his years in the army, he became interested in eugenics.
- First International Eugenics Congress, Charles Knight & Co., Ltd., London, 1912. “The First International Eugenics Conference, Vital to the Nation”, The Times, 1, July 1912, 2: “But eugenics is a subject that concerns everyone who is patriotic” proceeded Dr. Saleeby. “It is a mistake to think that it is only a question for scientists and thinkers. I believe that our choice is between national eugenics and decay, like some other nations. Everyone who cares for his country, for the happiness of youth, and the things that vitally affect the individual and the nation—happy marriages and the health and well-being of children—should be grateful to those who are devoting themselves to this problem in all parts of the work… all to one end—the future of the race.”
- “Albion dégénère, Elle devient brune, petite et nerveuse”, L'Éclair, 3 September 1912, 1: “La blonde Albion devient brune.”
- Report of the proceedings of the First International Eugenics Congress, held at the University of London, Eugenics Education Society, London, 1913. This paper was delivered by Mr. and Mrs. W. D. D. Whetham from Cambridge. It is referred to in a press reference, without a legible name or date, contained in the Eugenic Society Archives, Wellcome Institute, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, SA/EUG/B. 1.
- The Rev. Mrs. Mabel McCoy Irwin was amongst many whom delivered a paper on the desirability of sterilizing the unfit. C. B. Davenport, Director of the United States Eugenics Record Office, delivered a paper on ‘Eugenics and Marriage’.
- Darwin worked in his large study from 1887.
- Report of proceedings of First International Eugenics Congress, ibid.
- The portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, George Buchanon and Robert the Bruce were all reproduced in Biometrika, by Pearson, alongside photographs of skulls.
- First International Eugenics Congress, London, Catalogue of Exhibition, Charles Knight & Co., Ltd., London, 1912: S9 Queen of Scots (National Portrait Gallery)—the naso-orbital region is typical of the northern races during the 16th century; S5 the Bishop of London, Dr. Stokesley, drawn by Holbein—eyes far apart; broad upper part of nose. S6 Jane Seymour by Holbein—eyes far apart; upper eyelids. S10 Holbein's Duke of Norfolk (Royal Gallery at Windsor; today the Queen's Collection); eyes far apart; upper nose broad, but eyes are more deep-set under the superorbital arch than is usual in portraits of the period. S11 Holbein's Henry VIII—broad flat nose, small eyes set apart, eyebrows arching upward and outward. Observe the eyelids in contrast to the Italian by Lorenzo Lotto, which show the usual modern type of eye-lid. S12 Lorenzo Lotto's Portrait of the Prothonotary Apostolic Juliano: Modern type of face. Eyes deep set in under the superorbital arch and eye-brow. Upper part of the nose delicate and projecting—a facial bone structure only rarely met with north of the Alps.
- “Les Conditions de la beauté”, Les Nouvelles, 16 October 1912,1.
- “Worst Family in the World. Interesting and Curious Exhibition. Pedigrees of the Great”, Pall Mall Gazette, 29 July 1912,1.
- “‘The Perfect Race’, Mr. Balfour and the Objects of Eugenics, Pedigree 147 ft. long”, The Statesman, 18 August 1912, 1.
- Report of proceedings of First International Eugenics Congress, Ibid, H.25, 58.
- ibid., Exhibit Rl-4, by Dr. George Papillaut. The Paris Society of Anthropology supplied photographs of half-breeds, particularly in French North African colonies.
- ibid., Exhibit D10-15, 51.
- ibid., Exhibit El-6d, by Mr. E.J. Lidbetter:“Pauperism, in association with mental and physical defects, justifies the inference that a high proportion of pauperism is to be attributed to the transmission of defect and the perpetuation of stocks of a low type.” Lidbetter exhibited charts showing a tendency to intermarry among pauper and defective families, as he called them. He then charted a high incidence of TB, consumption, insanity and eye disease amongst their progeny. His installation was followed by an exhibition by the Public Health Department, City of Liverpool, installed by E.W. Hope, comparing insanitary conditions with the high rate of disease and mortality.
- ibid., C21,6–7.
- ibid., 6.
- “Worst Family”, Ibid.
- ibid.
- ibid.
- The Sunderland Echo, 2 August 1912, 1
- ibid.
- First International Eugenics Conference, catalogue of Exhibition, H.25, 58. Dr. of Science, C. V. Drysdale, exhibited the Malthusian theory of population, to demonstrate through diagrams of birth and death rates how populations were held in check by a lack of food. Due to its plentiful food supply and stable population rate, Australia was singled out as an exception to the Malthusian rule.
- ibid. Apropos New Zealand, Drysdale claimed: “The infantile mortality is the lowest in the world and the death rate less than 10 per 1,000, which gives us an ideal which we can reach in all countries by lowering the birth rate sufficiently.”
- “How to choose one's parents, Pedigree 147 feet long, Aberdeen Free Press”, 2 August, 1912, 1.
- ibid.
- ibid.
- Winston Churchill's views were fully endorsed by the Eugenics Education Society. Buoyed by the Congress success, the Eugenics Education Society launched a huge public drive to train social workers and schoolteachers in elementary eugenics and started organizing a Eugenics Education Conference.
- Harvey G. Simmons, “Explaining Social Policy: The English Mental Deficiency Act of 1913”, Journal of Social History, II, 1978, 396–397. Kevles, op.cit., note 2, 98–99, points out that privately Churchill described the proliferation of the mentally deficient to Asquith, combined with the “restriction of progeny among all the thrifty, energetic, and superior stocks” as a “very terrible danger to the race.” Arthur Balfour, a fellow Member of Parliament, called for a social standard of fitness.
- A copy of this letter exists in the Wellcome Institute, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, SA/EUG/B.1.
- ibid. In its letters canvassing support for this Bill, the Eugenics Society wrote: “The group to be dealt with consists of those persons who, though not held to be lunatics, idiots, or imbeciles, are nevertheless, owing to their mental defects, a source of danger to themselves or to others, and who, by reproducing their kind, may inflict lasting injury onto their race. These are the feeble-minded; and amongst them there are many individuals who, for their proper care, require to be placed under the control of authorities, armed with legal powers not at present conferrable…. mental defects make them act… unsocially, or to be… mischievous to themselves… The evidence of mental defect and of the need for powers of detention is to be certified by two medical practitioners, and the recent order is to be made by a magistrate. The powers to be created by the Bill are to be entrusted to the existing Lunacy Commission.”
- ibid., Letter for circulation, The Eugenics Society, 4 December 1912: “As a result of the First International Eugenics Congress, a demand has arisen for some training in elementary eugenics. The Society has now undertaken the arrangement of a year's course of lectures on ‘The Groundwork of Eugenics, starting on January 14th 1913. It is keenly felt by many that such training is urgently needed, to enable social workers to profit by the recent acquirement of knowledge in this direction….” In its letter for circulation, The Eugenics Society, 12 December 1912, it claimed: “It has been suggested to us by a number of Head Masters and Head Mistresses that the problem of introducing the idea of Eugenics—and to a limited degree, Sex Hygiene—into the education systems of the country needs special attention at this moment…. It seems to be the opinion of those of experience in educational matters, and also of the Education Committee of this Society, that while instruction in Eugenics and Sex Hygiene must be directly given to teachers it should be transmitted through them to children and adolescents, only indirectly—through Nature Study, History, Literature, and for more advanced students, through Biology and Civics.” The Eugenics Education Conference was held 1st March 1913.
- Farrell, Ibid, 244.
- By 1911, the Eugenics Record Office also held a collection of around 7,000 skulls.
- Pearson accepted the position of inaugural director of the Eugenics Record office—until 1933—on condition that it adopt research projects and methods similar to his Biometrics Laboratory.
- Kevles, Ibid, 104.
- Karl Pearson, “Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics”, Cavendish Lecture, University of London, 1912;Allard & Son, London, 1912, 11.
- Karl Pearson, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, London, 1901, 20; repb. 1919, 302.
- Karl Pearson, The Groundwork of Genetics, ELCS, 2, 1909, 19–20.
- Pearson, “Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics”, Ibid, 1–29.
- ibid., 16; 26.
- ibid., 23. While Pearson acknowledged in his captions the reproduction of both photographs in the Treasury of Human Inheritance, Vol. I, op.cit., note 12, from La Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière and the Indian Medical Gazette, he fails to cite the specific articles and original publications in which James’ and Londe's photographs appeared. Undeterred, the major French physical culture journals, as well as the newly launched Eugénique translated and published his lecture.
- Ibid 21.
- Ibid 23.
- Ibid 16.
- ibid.: “I feel sure that many of you who have, by your skill, helped into the world the cripple, or the child of deformed or diseased parents, must have said to yourselves… better it had not been born. Many of you… hold with me the “better-not-born” doctrine…”
- ibid 28. Pearson also recommended that all general practitioners “encourage the fit to parentage and discourage the unfit.” For comparable measures taken in the Third Reich Eugenics Sterilisation and Euthanasia Programmes, refer notes 1 and 2.
- ibid.
- Kristeva, Ibid.