The Ethical Claims of Bio-Art: Killing The Other Or Self-Cannibalism

NOTES

• For example, Marc Quinn DNA Portrait of Sir John Sulston at the National Portrait Gallery in London 2001, or the Australian Justin Cooper's MRI self portrait 1998 titled Rapt.
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• A term coined by Sherry Turkle, Abby Rockefeller Mauzé Professor of the Social Studies of Science and Technology in the Program in Science, Technology, and Society at MIT and the director of the MIT Initiative on Technology and Self, a center of research and reflection on the evolving connections between people and artifacts in the co-construction of identity. http://web.mit.edu/sturkle/techself.Turkle explores the relations humans form with objects that are ‘sort of alive’, ‘seem to us to be alive,’ such as computers and toys. See her book The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit (London: Granada, 1984). In the last three years Turkle have been inviting us to discuss issues of self and identity in relations to our ‘Semi-Living’ sculptures.
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• Jens Hauser, “Genes, Geneies, Genes,” L'art biotech, exh. cat. (Trezelan: Filigranes, 2003) 9 (translated by the Author).
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• Examples can be found in the fields of transgenic and xenotransplantation where non-human animals genes, cells, tissues and even organs are being inserted or transplanted into humans and vice versa to either create ‘better’ compatibility between humans and other animals for the purpose of transplantation or for the investigation of diseases and possible treatments for human diseases. See for example “‘Humanised’ Organs Can be Grown in Animals,” New Scientist (17 December 2003).
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• George Gessert, “Notes on the Art of Plant Breeding,” L'art biotech 47.
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• Peter Singer, Writings on an Ethical Life (London: Fourth Estate, 2002) 35.
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• ibid.
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• As stated in a conversation held with Singer during his visit to SymbioticA, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, the University of Western Australia, 2002.
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• See Sylvia Pagan Westphal, “Growing Human Organs on the Farm,” New Scientist (20–27 December 2003) 4–5.
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• The term speciesism was originally coined by Richard D. Ryder.
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• Tom Regan, All that Dwell Therein: Animal Rights and Environmental Ethics (Berkeley: U of California P, 1982) 58.
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• ibid 55.
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• Singer, Writings on an Ethical Life 27.
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• See James E. Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987); James E. Lovelock, The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of Our Living Earth (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1989); and Lynn Margulis and Karlene V. Schwartz, Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, 3rd ed (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1998).
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• The Australian Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) published in 1999 The National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans. http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/pdf/e35.pdf
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• Marta De Menezes, “The Artificial Natural: Manipulating Butterfly Wing Patterns for Artistic Purposes,” Leonardo 36.1 (2003) 29.
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• ibid 31.
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• You can find an extensive list of Butterfly symbolism on http://www.insects.org/ed4/symbol_listl.html
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• A Remote Control Roch was developed by Shimoyama's micro-robotics team and biologists at Tsukuba University, Japan: http://www.intercorr.com/roach.htm
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• See: http://www.symbiotica.uwa.edu.au
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• Oron Catts, “Biofeel Curator Statement,” BEAP 2000, exh.cat., (Perth: John Curtin Gallery, 2002).
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• The Tissue Culture & Art Project was founded in 1996. See http://www.tca.uwa.edu.au
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• The way we obtain our raw materials is important for us to note; we are scavenging leftovers from scientific research and/or food production.
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• See Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr, “Growing Semi-Living Sculptures,” Leonardo 35.4 (August 2002) 365–70.
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• “We shall escape the absurdity of growing a whole chicken in order to eat the breast or wing, by growing these parts separately under suitable medium.” Winston Churchill, “50 Years Hence,” Popular Mechanic (March 1932).
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• For more see http://www.fishandchips.uwa.edu.au
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• For example: “A rat is drawing this stuff? A dead rat? Lots of dead rats? Oh, Gross.” Michelle Delio, “The Robot Won't Bite You, Dear,” Wired News 16.7 (2003).
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• J. Q. Trojanowski, J. R. Mantione, J. H. Lee, D. P. Seid, T. You, L.J. Inge, V. M. Lee, “Neurons Derives from Human Teratocarcinoma Cell Line, Established Molecular and Structural Polarity following Transplantation into the Rodent Brain,” Experimental Neurorology 122.2 (August 1993) 283–94.
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• Stelarc, Clemenger Contemporary Art Award, exh. cat. (Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2003) 30.
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• Cell lines are immortal cells that can divide indefinitely when given the appropriate conditions (such as fresh nutrient medium and space). There are human cell lines that were originally derived from a human donor already in the early 1950s and are in use these days, long after the death of the original donor.
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• Human Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, Research Services, the University of Western Australia. Project No 0813 September 2003.
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• ibid.
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• ibid.
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