- Leonard Bell, ‘Not Quite Darwin's Artist’ (The Art of Exploration Conference, National Maritime Museum, London, July 2004).
- Ibid.; Leonard Bell, ‘To See or Not to See: Conflicting Eyes in the Travel Art of Augustus Earle’, in Orientalism Transformed: The Impact of the Colonies on British Culture, ed. Julie F. Codell and Dianne Sachko Macleod (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 1998), 117–39; Leonard Bell, ‘Colonial Eyes Transformed: Looking at/in Paintings: An Exploratory Essay’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Art 1, no. 1, 2000, 40–62.
- Leonard Bell, ‘Not Quite Darwin's Artist’.
- Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches into Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle round the World under the Command of Capt. FitzRoy R.N. (Wellington: New Zealand Electronic Text Centre, 2002), 303.
- Ibid., 312.
- Augustus Earle, A Narrative of a Nine Months’ Residence in New Zealand in 1827, Together with a Journal of a Residence in Tristan da Cunha, An Island Situated between South America and the Cape of Good Hope (London: Longman, 1832), 271.
- Darwin read Earle's Narrative on the passage from South America to Tahiti, the Beagle having received a copy in Montevideo. See Mark W. Graham, ‘“The Enchanter's Wand”: Charles Darwin, Foreign Missions, and the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle’, Journal of Religious History 8, no. 2, 2007, 131–50.
- Augustus Earle, Narrative, 258.
- Paul Moon's claims, as yet unpublished, were widely reported on. See, for instance, New Zealand Herald, 3 May 2008.
- Janet Browne, ‘Darwin: The Young Adventurer’, Humanities 30, no. 3, May-June 2009 (www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2009-05/Darwin.html). See also Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging: A Biography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
- Leonard Bell in conversation with Janet Earle Borgerson from the University of Exeter, 4 December 2007. See also Janet Borgerson's comment (posted 28 November 2007) to the ‘Augustus Earle and Darwin’ blog post (posted 21 January 2007) on the Looking for Darwin website (www.lookingfordarwin.com/blog/index.php/?p=62#comments). Janet Borgerson is descended from Augustus Earle's uncle, Ralph Earle, also an artist.
- Charles Darwin, diary entry dated 5 April 1832, cited in R. Keynes, ed., The Beagle Record: Selections from the Original Pictorial Records and Written Accounts of the HMS Beagle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 46. Janet Browne wrote that, in Brazil, Earle ‘knew far more about Rio than was probably good for either of them’, Voyaging, 212.
- Letter from Charles Darwin to Catherine Darwin, cited in F. Burkhardt and Sydney Smith, eds., Correspondence of Charles Darwin (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 1, 174.
- See note 2 for my other papers and essays on Earle. See also Leonard Bell, ‘Augustus Earle's “The Meeting of the Artist and the Wounded Chief, Hongi, Bay of Islands, New Zealand, 1827” and His Depictions of Other New Zealand Encounters’, in Voyages and Beaches: Pacific Encounters, 1769–1840, ed. Alex Calder, Jonathan Lamb, and Bridget Orr (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1999), 241–64.
- See, for example, D. Stoddart, ‘Darwin and the Seeing Eye: Iconography and Meaning in the Beagle Years’, Earth Sciences History 14, no. 1, 1995, 3–22.
- F. Darwin and A. Seward, eds., More Letters of Charles Darwin: A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters (London: Murray, 1903), 1, 195.
- Charles Darwin, Autobiography, cited in J. Huxley and H. Kettleworth, Charles Darwin and His World (London: Thames and Hudson, 1965), 6.
- Department of Prints and Drawings, Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand, (Curios-020-027, and notes on the back of the painting).
- On Te Rangituke, see S. P. Smith, The Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century: The Struggle of the Northern Tribes against the Southern Tribes in the Nineteenth Century, 2nd ed. (Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1910), 390ff; and Lawrence Rogers, ed., The Early Journals of Henry Williams, Senior Missionary in New Zealand of the Church Missionary Society, 1826–40 (Christchurch: Pegasus Press, 1961 and 2006), entries dated 1 December 1826-December 1827.
- Augustus Earle, Narrative, 136.
- Ibid., 138.
- For Barry's portrait see Leonard Bell, The Maori in European Art: A Survey of the Representation of the Maori from the Time of Captain Cook to the Present Day (Wellington: AH & AW Reed, 1980), 14. For the circumstances of Kendall, Hongi Hika, and Waikato's visit to England, see Judith Binney, A Legacy of Guilt: A Life of Thomas Kendall (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1968).
- Robert FitzRoy, Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the Years 1826 and 1836 (London: Colburn, 1839), 2, 568–9.
- The major and most influential text on physiognomy was Johann Lavater's Essays on Physiognomy, first published in England in 1789 and republished six times through to 1850. According to Lavater, features such as large hawked noses, receding foreheads, jutting jaws, disproportionate upper and lower lips, and small sunken eyes were signs of violence, brutality, and depravity. See also J. Graham, ‘Lavater's Physiognomy in England’, Journal of the History of Ideas 22, 1961, 561–72.
- Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches, 307.
- Ibid., 306.
- Augustus Earle, Sketches Illustrative of the Native Inhabitants and Islands of New Zealand (London: Longman, 1838), plate 7.
- Quarterly Papers of the Church Missionary Society 97, 1840, frontispiece.
- See Mark W. Graham, ‘The Enchanter's Wand’, 146–9. Darwin admired the missionaries in New Zealand and appeared personally affronted by Earle's criticism of them. In his letter to his sister, Caroline, dated 27 December 1835, he wrote, ‘We are quite indignant with Earle's book’, and accused Earle of ‘open licentiousness’ in the Bay of Islands; his source, presumably, the same missionaries whom Earle was antagonistic towards (Correspondence, 1, 472). In Voyaging, Janet Browne notes Darwin and Earle's opposing assessments of missionary practices and impacts in the Bay of Islands, and the controversy Narrative generated in Britain (310–3).
- Charles Darwin and Robert FitzRoy's ‘A Letter, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of Tahiti, New Zealand’ was published in the South African Christian Recorder. See also Janet Browne, Voyaging, 331.
- Augustus Earle, Narrative, 181.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., 206.
- Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches, 305.
- Ibid.
- Various examples appear in Earle's Narrative.
- Other than Angas's watercolours and lithographs that appear in The New Zealanders Illustrated (1847), Earle's drawings and watercolours remain unequalled (in terms of ethnographic value) until Horatio Gordon Robley's drawings and watercolours of Maori in the mid-1860s. See Leonard Bell, Colonial Constructs: Images of Maori 1840–1914 (Auckland: Auckland University Press; Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1992).
- Augustus Earle, Narrative, 183–4.
- Leonard Bell, ‘To See or Not to See’.
- Augustus Earle, Narrative, 258–9.
- Andrew Sayer describes Earle's Desmond, A Chief of New South Wales as ‘magnificent’, and his oil portrait of another Australia Aboriginal, Bungaree (1827), as ‘Earle's most powerful Australian portrait’. Australian Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 29.
- Gaston Bachelard, cited in P. Reill, ‘Seeing and Understanding’, in Visions of Empire: Voyages, Botany and Representations of Nature, ed. D. Miller and P. Reill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 300.
- For the religious and philosophical views of his forebears, in particular his grandfathers, see Brian Desmond and James Moore's Charles Darwin (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994) and Darwin's Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin's Views on Human Evolution (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, Harcourt, 2009).
- Letter from Charles Darwin to Charles Henslow dated 28/29 January 1836, Correspondence, 1, 486.
- There are very few references to Maori in Darwin's post-Beagle correspondence and publications. Those that exist generally relate to their population decline from the 1830s onward and inquiries about the nature of expressions among Maori, with passages about those concerns in his The Descent of Man (1871) and The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (1872) respectively.
- Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches, 312.
- See Brian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin's Sacred Cause. Desmond and Moore are among the few writers who have, hitherto, discussed Darwin and Earle's opposing evaluations and characterisations of missionaries. They appear to accept Darwin's remarks about Earle and Maori uncritically, as if they were simply correct. Their knowledge and understanding of Earle's art, writing, and career appear to be reductive and ill-informed. In their narrative, Earle is presented as morally flawed and unreliable while Darwin is always right.
- Letter from Charles Darwin to Caroline Darwin, 27 December 1835, Correspondence, 1, 472.
- Letter from Robert FitzRoy to Charles Darwin, 26 February 1838, Correspondence, 2, 75.
- Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches, 306.
- See my paper ‘To See or Not to See’ for Earle's response to slavery in Brazil. Earle, Darwin, and slavery in Brazil were addressed by Sarah Thomas in her paper, ‘Slavery and “The Scandal of Nations”: Charles Darwin, Augustus Earle and the Compass of Morality’ (Art Association of Australia and New Zealand Conference, Brisbane, 6 December 2008).
- In Voyaging (especially 196–9 and 213–4), Janet Browne comments on Darwin's abhorrence of slavery and cites Earle's criticisms of slavery and observations about the practice of slavery in Brazil to Darwin. See also Brian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin's Sacred Cause. Darwin's maternal grandfather, Josiah Wedgewood, and his aunt, Sarah Wedgewood, in particular, were strong financial supporters of the anti-slavery cause.
- Little is known about the circumstances of this painting's production. It was acquired by the Alexander Turnbull Library in 1987, from Christies, London.
- See note 4.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Art
Volume 10, 2009 - Issue 1: The Conference Issue