References
- American Psychiatric Association . 1980 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 3rd edn , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
- Anderson , G. and Brown , R.I.F. 1984 . Real and laboratory gambling, sensation seeking and arousal . British Journal of Psychology , 75 : 401 – 10 .
- Bentler , P.M. 1990 . Comparative fit indices in structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 88 : 588 – 606 .
- Blaszczynski , A. , Drobny , J. and Steel , Z. 2005 . Home-based imaginal desensitisation in pathological gambling: short-term outcomes . Behaviour Change , 22 : 13 – 21 .
- Blaszczynski , A. , Huynh , S. , Dumlao , V.J. and Farrell , E. 1998 . Problem gambling within a Chinese speaking community . Journal of Gambling Studies , 14 : 359 – 80 .
- Blaszczynski , A.P. , Winter , S.W. and McConaghy , N. 1986 . Plasmaendorphin levels in pathological gambling . Journal of Gambling Behavior , 2 : 3 – 14 .
- Bohn , M.J. , Krahn , D.D. and Staehler , B.A. 1995 . Development and initial validation of a measure of drinking urges in abstinent alcoholics . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 19 : 600 – 6 .
- Bollen , K. 1989 . Structural Equations with Latent Variables , New York : Wiley .
- Chen , C. , Wong , J. , Lee , N. , Chan-Ho , M. and Lau , J. 1993 . The Shatin Community Mental Health Survey in Hong Kong: II. Major findings . Archives of General Psychiatry , 50 : 125 – 33 .
- Chinese Family Service of Greater Montreal . 1997 . Gambling and Problem Gambling among the Chinese in Quebec: An Exploratory Study , Canada : Quebec .
- Clark , R. , King , B. and Laylim , D. 1990 . Tin Sin Kuk (Heavenly Swindle) , New South Wales : Asian Community Research Unit State Intelligence Group .
- Coventry , K.R. and Norman , A.C. 1997 . Arousal, sensation-seeking and frequency of gambling in off-course horse racing bettors . British Journal of Psychology , 88 : 671 – 81 .
- Cultural Partners Australia Consortium . 2000 . The Impact of Gaming on Specific Cultural Groups , Melbourne, Australia : Report to the Victorian Casino and Gaming Authority .
- Grant , J.E. and Kim , S.W. 2002 . Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for pathological gambling: a chart review . Annals of Clinical Psychiatry , 14 : 155 – 61 .
- Grimard , G. and Ladouceur , R. 2004 . Intervention favoring control of gambling urge in players at risk of pathological gambling . Journal de Therapie Comportementale et Cognitive , 14 : 8 – 14 .
- Ladouceur , R. , Sylvain , C. , Letarte , H. , Giroux , I. and Jacques , C. 1998 . Cognitive treatment of pathological gamblers . Behaviour, Research and Therapy , 36 : 1111 – 19 .
- Leary , K. and Dickerson , M. 1985 . Levels of arousal in high- and low-frequency gamblers . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 23 : 635 – 40 .
- Lesieur , H.R. and Blume , S.B. 1987 . The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 1184 – 8 .
- Lesieur , H.R. and Blume , S.B. 1990 . Characteristics of pathological gamblers identified among patients on a psychiatric admissions service . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 41 : 1009 – 12 .
- Lesieur , H.R. and Heineman , M. 1988 . Pathological gambling among youthful multiple substance abusers in a therapeutic community . British Journal of Addiction , 83 : 765 – 71 .
- Lovibond , P.F. and Lovibond , S.H. 1995 . The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 33 : 335 – 43 .
- Marsh , H. , Hau , K.T. , Balla , J. and Grayson , D. 1988 . Is more ever too much? The number of indicators per factor in factor analysis . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 33 : 89 – 100 .
- McConaghy , N. , Armstrong , M.S. , Blaszczynski , A. and Allcock , C. 1983 . Controlled comparison of aversive therapy and imaginal desensitization in compulsive gambling . British Journal of Psychiatry , 142 : 366 – 72 .
- Oei , T.P.S. , Lin , C.D. and Raylu , N. Relationship between gambling cognitions, psychological states and gambling: a cross-cultural study of Chinese and Caucasians in Australia . Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology , in press
- Oei, T.P.S., Lin, C.D. and Raylu, N. (in press). ‘The psychometric of gambling related cognition scale—Chinese Version’, Journal of Gambling Studies.
- Potenza , M.N. , Steinberg , M.A. , Sukudlarski , P. , Fulbright , R.K. , Lacadie , C.M. , Wilber , M.K. , Rounsaville , B.J. , Gore , J.C. and Wexler , B.E. 2003 . Gambling urges in pathological gambling . Archives of General Psychiatry , 60 : 828 – 36 .
- Raylu , N. and Oei , T.P.S. 2002 . Pathological gambling: a comprehensive review . Clinical Psychology Review , 22 : 1 – 53 .
- Raylu , N. and Oei , T.P.S. 2004a . Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling . Clinical Psychology Review , 23 : 1087 – 114 .
- Raylu , N. and Oei , T.P.S. 2004b . The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties . Addiction , 99 : 757 – 69 .
- Raylu , N. and Oei , T.P.S. 2004c . The Gambling Urge Scale (GUS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 18 : 100 – 105 .
- Rohsenow , D.J. and Monti , P.M. 1999 . Does urge to drink predict relapse after treatment? . Alcohol Research and Health , 23 : 225 – 32 .
- Rosenthal , R.J. 1989 . “ Pathological gambling and problem gambling: problems of definition and diagnosis ” . In Compulsive Gambling: Theory, Research and Practice , Edited by: Shaffer , H.J. and Stein , S.A. Lexington, KY : Lexington Books .
- Rosenthal , R.J. 2003 . Distribution of the DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling . Addiction , 98 : 1674 – 75 .
- Sharpe , L. 2002 . A reformulated cognitive-behavioral model of problem gambling. A biopsychological perspective . Clinical Psychology Review , 22 : 1 – 25 .
- Sharpe , L. , Tarrier , N. , Schotte , D. and Spence , S.H. 1995 . The role of autonomic gambling arousal in problem gambling . Addiction , 90 : 1529 – 40 .
- SPSS, Inc . 1988 . SPSS User's Guide , 3rd edn , Chicago, IL : SPSS .
- Steiger , J.H. 1990 . Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 25 : 173 – 80 .