References
- American Psychiatric Association (APA) . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : APA .
- Blaszczynski , A. 1998 . Overcoming compulsive gambling: A self-help guide using cognitive behavioural techniques , London : Robinson .
- Boyer , M. and Dickerson , M. 2003 . Attentional biases and addictive behaviour: Automaticity in a gambling-specific modified Stroop task . Addiction , 98 : 61 – 70 .
- Bruce , G. and Jones , B.T. 2004 . A pictorial Stroop paradigm reveals attentional bias in heavier compared to lighter social drinkers . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 18 : 527 – 533 .
- CBC News (2007, 26 February). Ontario removes video slot machines flashing winning images. CBC News. Retrieved 12 January 2010, from http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/02/25/video-lottery.html
- Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Laurence Erlbaum .
- Cox , W.M. , Fadari , J.S. and Pothos , E.M. 2006 . The addiction–Stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 443 – 476 .
- Crockford , D.N. , Goodyear , B. , Edwards , J. and Quickfall , J. 2005 . Cue-induced brain activity in pathological gamblers . Biological Psychiatry , 58 : 787 – 795 .
- Cunningham , J.A. 2005 . Little use of treatment among problem gamblers . Psychiatric Services , 56 : 1024 – 1025 .
- Dickerson , M. and Baron , E. 2000 . Contemporary issues and future directions for research into pathological gambling . Addiction , 95 : 1145 – 1159 .
- Echeburua , E. , Fernandez-Montalvo , J. and Baez , C. 2000 . Relapse prevention in the treatment of slot machine pathological gambling: Long term outcome . Behavior Therapy , 31 : 351 – 364 .
- Evans , J.St.B.T. and Coventry , K. 2006 . “ A dual process approach to behavioral addiction: The case of gambling ” . In Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction , Edited by: Wiers , R.W. and Stacey , A.W. 29 – 44 . London : Sage .
- Fadari , J.S. and Cox , W.M. 2009 . Reversing the sequence: Reducing alcohol consumption by overcoming alcohol attentional bias . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 101 : 137 – 145 .
- Field , M. and Cox , W.M. 2008 . Attentional biases in addictive behaviours: A review of its development, causes, and consequences . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 97 : 1 – 20 .
- Gerstein, D., Murphy, S., Toce, M., Hoffman, J., Johnson, R. et al. (1999). Gambling impact and behavior study. Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission, National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
- Goudriaan , A.E. , Oosterlaan , J. , de Beurs , E. and van den Brink , W. 2004 . Pathological gambling: A comprehensive review of biobehavioral findings . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 28 : 123 – 141 .
- Grant , J.E. and Kim , S.W. 2001 . Demographic and clinical features of 131 adult pathological gamblers . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 : 957 – 962 .
- Griffiths , M.D. 1993 . Pathological gambling: Possible treatment using an audio playback technique . Journal of Gambling Studies , 9 : 295 – 297 .
- Heathcote , A. , Popiel , S.J. and Mewhort , D.J.K. 1991 . Analysis of response time distributions: An example using the Stroop task . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 340 – 347 .
- Hester , R. , Dixon , V. and Garavan , H. 2006 . A consistent attentional bias for drug-related material in active cocaine users across word and picture versions of emotional Stroop task . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 81 : 251 – 257 .
- Hodgins , D.C. and Holub , A. 2007 . “ Treatment of problem gambling ” . In Research issues and measurement issues in gambling studies , Edited by: Smith , G. , Hodgins , D.C. and Williams , R.J. 372 – 399 . London : Academic Press .
- Hollander , E. , Pallanti , S. , Allen , A. , Sood , E. and Rossi , N.B. 2005 . Does sustained-release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders? . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 137 – 145 .
- Ingjaldsson , J.T. , Laberg , J.C. and Thayer , J.F. 2003 . Pre-attentive processing of alcohol stimuli . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 44 : 173 – 177 .
- Jaccard , J. 1998 . Interaction effects in factorial analysis of variance , (Series: Quantitative applications in the social sciences, 07-118) London : Sage .
- Johnsen , B.H. and Hugdahl , K. 1991 . Hemispheric asymmetry in conditioning to facial emotional expressions . Psychophysiology , 28 : 154 – 162 .
- Johnsen , B.H. and Hugdahl , K. 1993 . Right hemisphere representation of autonomic conditioning to facial emotional expressions . Psychophysiology , 30 : 274 – 278 .
- Klinger , E. and Cox , W.M. 2004 . Handbook of motivational counselling: Motivating people for change , Chichester : Wiley .
- Ladouceur , R. , Sylvain , C. , Boutin , C. and Doucet , C. 2002 . Understanding and treating the pathological gambler , New York : Wiley .
- Ledgerwood , D.M. and Petry , N.M. 2006 . What do we know about relapse in pathological gambling? . Clinical Psychology Review , 26 : 216 – 228 .
- Lesieur , H.R. and Blume , S.B. 1987 . The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for identification of pathological gamblers . American Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 1184 – 1188 .
- Lesieur , H.R. and Blume , S.B. 1993 . Revising the South Oaks Gambling Screen in different settings . Journal of Gambling Studies , 9 : 213 – 223 .
- MacLeod , C.M. 1991 . Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 163 – 203 .
- McCusker , C.G. 2001 . Cognitive biases and addiction: an evolution in theory and method . Addiction , 96 : 47 – 56 .
- McCusker , C.G. and Gettings , B. 1997 . Automaticity of cognitive biases in addictive behaviours: Further evidence with gamblers . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 36 : 543 – 554 .
- Moodie , C. and Finnigan , F. 2005 . A comparison of the autonomic arousal of frequent, infrequent, and non-gamblers while playing fruit machines . Addiction , 100 : 51 – 59 .
- Øhman , A. and Soares , J.F. 1994 . Unconscious anxiety: Phobic responses to masked stimuli . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 103 : 231 – 240 .
- Regard , M. , Knoch , D. , Guetling , E. and Landis , T.H. 2003 . Brain damage and addictive behaviour: A neuropsychological and electroencephalogram investigation with pathological gamblers . Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology , 16 : 47 – 53 .
- Schneider , W. , Eschman , A. and Zuccolotto , A. 2002a . E-Prime user's guide , Pittsburgh, PA : Psychology Software Tools .
- Schneider , W. , Eschman , A. and Zuccolotto , A. 2002b . E-Prime reference guide , Pittsburgh, PA : Psychology Software Tools .
- Shaffer , H.J. 2003 . “ A critical view of pathological gambling and addiction: Comorbidity makes for syndromes and other strange bedfellows ” . In Gambling: Who wins? Who loses? , Edited by: Reith , G. 175 – 190 . New York : Prometheus .
- Sharpe , L. 2002 . A reformulated cognitive-behavioural model of problem gambling: A biopsychological perspective . Clinical Psychology Review , 22 : 1 – 25 .
- Slutske , W.S. 2006 . Natural recovery and treatment-seeking in pathological gambling: results of two U.S. national surveys . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 297 – 302 .
- StatSoft, Inc. (2004). STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 7. www.statsoft.com
- Stewart , S.H. and Jefferson , S. 2007 . “ Experimental methodologies in gambling studies ” . In Research and measurement issues in gambling studies , Edited by: Smith , G. , Hodgins , D.C. and Williams , R.J. 88 – 111 . London : Elsevier .
- Stewart , S.H. , Hall , E. , Wilkie , H. and Birch , C. 2002 . Affective priming of alcohol schema in coping and enhancement motivated drinkers . Cognitive Behaviour Therapy , 31 : 68 – 80 .
- Stormark , K.M. , Laberg , J.C. , Nordby , H. and Hugdahl , K. 2000 . Alcoholics' selective attention to alcohol stimuli. Automated processing? . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 61 : 18 – 23 .
- Stroop , J.R. 1935 . Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 18 : 643 – 662 .
- Tiffany , S.T. 1990 . A cognitive model of drug use and drug-use behaviour Role of automatic and non-automatic processes . Psychological Review , 97 : 147 – 168 .
- Waters , A.J. and Feyerabend , C. 2000 . Determinants and effects of attentional bias in smokers . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 14 : 111 – 120 .
- Watts , F.N. , McKenna , F.P. , Sharrock , R. and Trezise , L. 1986 . Colour naming of phobia related words . British Journal of Psychology , 77 : 97 – 108 .
- Wiers , R.W. , de Jong , P.J. , Havermans and Jelicic , M. 2004 . How to change implicit drug use-related cognitions in prevention: a transdisciplinary integration of findings from experimental psychopathology, social cognition, memory, and experimental learning . Substance Use and Misuse , 39 : 1625 – 1684 .
- Wiers , R.W. , Cox , W.M. , Field , M. , Fadari , J.S. , Palfai , T. , Schoenmakers , T. and Stacy , A.W. 2006 . The search for new ways to change implicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy drinkers . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 30 : 320 – 331 .
- Wilcox , R.R. 1987 . New designs in analysis of variance . Annual Review of Psychology , 38 : 29 – 60 .
- Williams , J.M.G. , Mathews , A. and MacLeod , C.M. 1996 . The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 3 – 24 .
- Wood , R.T.A. and Griffiths , M. 2007 . A qualitative investigation of problem gambling as an escape-based coping strategy . Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice , 80 : 107 – 125 .
- Zack , M. and Poulos , C.X. 2006 . “ Implicit cognition in problem gambling ” . In Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction , Edited by: Wiers , R.W. and Stacey , A.W. 379 – 392 . London : Sage .