Raising the legal gambling age in Finland: problem gambling prevalence rates in different age groups among past-year gamblers pre- and post-implementation

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97, 487–499. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castrén, S., Basnet, S., Salonen, A. H., Pankakoski, M., Ronkainen, J.-E., Alho, H., & Lahti, T. (2013). Factors associated with disordered gambling in Finland. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 8, 24–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castrén, S., Basnet, S., Pankakoski, M., Ronkainen, J.-E., Helakorpi, S., Uutela, A., ... Lahti, T. (2013). An analysis of problem gambling among the Finnish working-age population: A population survey. BMC Public Health, 13, 519. 10.1186/1471-2458-13-519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castrén, S., Pankakoski, M., Tamminen, M., Lipsanen, J., Ladouceur, R., & Lahti, T. (2013). Internet-based CBT intervention for gamblers in Finland: Experiences from the field. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54, 230–235. 10.1111/sjop.2013.54.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainsbury, S., Blankers, M., Wilkinson, C., Schelleman-Offermans, K., & Cousijn, J. (2014). Recommendations for international gambling harm-minimisation guidelines: Comparison with effective public health policy. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 771–788. 10.1007/s10899-013-9389-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Götestam, K. G., Johansson, A., Wenzel, H. G., & Simonsen, I.-E. (2004). Validation of the Lie/Bet screen for pathological gambling in two normal population data sets. Psychological Reports, 95, 1009–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M., & Rossow, I. (2008). Adolescent gambling and problem gambling: Does the total consumption model apply? Journal of Gambling Studies, 24, 135–149. 10.1007/s10899-007-9082-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayer, T., & Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Gambling. In T. P. Gullota, Plant, R. W., & Evans M. A. (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent behavioral problems. Evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment. (2nd ed., pp. 539–558). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Herberts, C., Aromaa, E., Björkqvist, K., Forsman, A., Herberts, K., Nordmyr, J., … Wahlbeck, K. (2012). Western Finland Mental Health Survey 2011: Survey methods ( Report 39/2012). Helsinki, Finland: National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, E. E., Hammer, R., Nora, R. M., Tan, B., Eistenstein, N., & Englehart, C. (1988). The lie/bet questionnaire for screening pathological gamblers. Psychological Reports, 80, 83–88.
   Google Scholar
• Lesieur, H., & Blume, S. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1184–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins, D. C., Schopflocher, D. P., Martin, C. R., El-Guebaly, N., Casey, D. M., Currie, S. R., … Williams, R. J. (2012). Disordered gambling among higher-frequency gamblers: Who is at risk? Psychological Medicine, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPlante, D., Nelson, S. E., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2009). Disordered gambling, type of gambling and gambling involvement in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007. The European Journal of Public Health, 21, 532–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, I. (2008). The population mean and the proportion of frequent gamblers: Is the theory of total consumption valid for gambling? Journal of Gambling Studies, 24, 247–256. 10.1007/s10899-007-9081-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordmyr, J., Forsman, A., Wahlbeck, K., Björkqvist, K., & Österman, K. (2014). Associations between problem gambling, sociodemographics, mental health factors and gambling type: Sex differences among Finnish gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 14, 39–52. 10.1080/14459795.2013.840328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potenza, M. N., Wareham, J. D., Steinberg, M. A., Rugle, L., Cavallo, D. A., Krishnan-Sarin, S., & Desai, R. A. (2011). Correlates of at-risk/problem internet gambling in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 150–159. 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, A. S., Pilver, C. E., Desai, R. A., Steinberg, M. A., Rugle, L., Krishnan-Sarinm, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2012). The relationship between age of gambling onset and adolescent problematic gambling severity. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 675–683. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raisamo, S., Warpenius, K., & Rimpelä, A. (2015). Changes in minors’ gambling on slot machines in Finland after the raising of the minimum legal gambling age from 15 to 18 years: A repeated cross-sectional study. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 32, 579–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raisamo, S., Halme, J., Murto, A., & Lintonen, T. (2013). Gambling-related harms among adolescents: A population-based study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29, 151–159. 10.1007/s10899-012-9298-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reini, K., Björkqvist, K., Forsman, A. K., Herberts, K., Nordmyr, J., Nyqvist, F., … Wahlbeck, K. (2014). Western Finland Mental Health Survey 2014: Survey methods (Discussion paper 34/2014). Helsinki, Finland: National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). Retrieved from http://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/125345/URN_ISBN_978-952-302-347-5.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Salonen, A., & Raisamo, S. (2015). Suomalaisten rahapelaaminen 2015. Rahapelaaminen, rahapeliongelmat ja rahapelaamiseen liittyvät asenteet ja mielipiteet 15–74-vuotiailla [Finnish gambling 2015. Gambling, gambling problems, and attitudes and opinions on gambling among Finns aged 15–74.] ( Report 16/2015). Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).
   Google Scholar
• Sjöholm, M., Korsoff, & Kämppi, J. (2015). Peluuri 2014. 10 vuotta ohjausta, neuvontaa ja tukea [Peluuri 2014. 10 years of guidance, advice and support.]. Retrieved from http://peluuri.fi/sites/default/files/peluuri_vuosiraportti_2014_v3_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Slot Machine Association, RAY. (2013). Responsibility report and annual report 2013. Retrieved from https://www2.ray.fi/en/ray/research-and-reports/reports
   Google Scholar
• Turja, T., Halme, J., Mervola, M., Järvinen-Tassopoulos, J., & Ronkainen, J.-E. (2012). Suomalaisten rahapelaaminen 2011 [Finnish Gambling 2011] ( Report 14/2012). Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).
   Google Scholar
• Veikkaus, (2014). Annual Report 2014. Retrieved from http://www.veikkausyear2014.fi/en/PDF-downloads/
   Google Scholar
• Vitaro, F., Wanner, B., Ladouceur, R., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2004). Trajectories of gambling during adolescence. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20, 47–69.10.1023/B:JOGS.0000016703.84727.d3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warpenius, K., Holmila, M., & Raitasalo, K. (2012). Peliin ei puututa. Alkoholin, tupakan ja rahapeliautomaattien ikärajavalvontaa testanneet ostokokeet vähittäisliikkeissä. [Enforcing age limits on purchases of alcohol and tobacco and the use of slot machines: test purchases in retail outlets]. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 77, 375–385.
   Google Scholar