Gambling disorder and suicidality within the UK: an analysis investigating mental health and gambling severity as risk factors to suicidality

References

• American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Battersby, M., Tolchard, B., Scurrah, M., & Thomas, L. (2006). Suicide ideation and behaviour in people with pathological gambling attending a treatment service. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4, 233–246.10.1007/s11469-006-9022-z
   Google Scholar
• Becona, E., Lorenzo, M. D. C., & Fuentes, M. J. (1996). Pathological gambling and depression. Psychological Reports, 78, 635–640.10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuke, C. J., Fischer, R., & McDowall, J. (2003). Anxiety and depression: Why and how to measure their separate effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 831–848.10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00074-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., & Farrell, E. (1998). A case series of 44 completed gambling-related suicides. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14, 93–109.10.1023/A:1023016224147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97, 487–499.10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Schweers, J., Balach, L., & Roth, C. (1994). Familial risk factors for adolescent suicide: A case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 52–58.10.1111/acp.1994.89.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, L. F., Shamsul, A. S., & Maniam, T. (2014). Are predictors of future suicide attempts and the transition from suicidal ideation to suicide attempts shared or distinct: A 12-month prospective study among patients with depressive disorders. Psychiatry Research, 220, 867–873.10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, A. T., Chen, T. H., Chen, C. C., & Jenkins, R. (2000). Psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors for suicide: Case-control psychological autopsy study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 360–365.10.1192/bjp.177.4.360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dormann, C. F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., Carré, G., & Münkemüller, T. (2013). Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36, 27–46.10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling, N. A., Cowlishaw, S., Jackson, A. C., Merkouris, S. S., Francis, K. L., & Christensen, D. R. (2015). Prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in treatment-seeking problem gamblers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 519–539.10.1177/0004867415575774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian problem gambling index: Final Report. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Fleischmann, A., Bertolote, J. M., Wasserman, D., De Leo, D., Bolhari, J., Botega, N. J., … Schlebusch, L. (2008). Effectiveness of brief intervention and contact for suicide attempters: A randomized controlled trial in five countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86, 703–709.10.2471/BLT.00.000000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, M. L., Lester, D., & Wexler, A. (1991). Suicidal behavior among members of gamblers Anonymous. Journal of Gambling Studies, 7, 249–254.10.1007/BF01019876
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George, S., & Murali, V. (2005). Pathological gambling: An overview of assessment and treatment. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 450–456.10.1192/apt.11.6.450
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. (2014). Problem gambling in great britain: A brief review. Nottingham: Nottingham Trent University. Retrieved from http://abb.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Problem-Gambling-in-Great-Britain-A-Brief-Review.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell, D., Harbord, R., Singleton, N., Jenkins, R., & Lewis, G. (2004). Factors influencing the development and amelioration of suicidal thoughts in the general population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 385–393.10.1192/bjp.185.5.385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, E. C., & Barraclough, B. (1997). Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 205–228.10.1192/bjp.170.3.205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009). Suicide. The Lancet, 373, 1372–1381.10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins, D. C., Mansley, C., & Thygesen, K. (2006). Risk factors for suicide ideation and attempts among pathological gamblers. American Journal on Addictions, 15, 303–310.10.1080/10550490600754366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. Released. (2013). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Borges, G., Nock, M., & Wang, P. S. (2005). Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States, 1990-1992 to 2001-2003. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2487–2495.10.1001/jama.293.20.2487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Borges, G., & Walters, E. E. (1999). Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 617–626.10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Greenberg, P. E., Mickelson, K. D., Meneades, L. M., & Wang, P. S. (2001). The effects of chronic medical conditions on work loss and work cutback. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 43, 218–225.10.1097/00043764-200103000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613.10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2004). Gambling and suicidality in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 711–714.10.1097/01.nmd.0000142021.71880.ce
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. W., Grant, J. E., Eckert, E. D., Faris, P. L., & Hartman, B. K. (2006). Pathological gambling and mood disorders: Clinical associations and treatment implication. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92, 109–116.10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccallum, F., & Blaszczynski, A. (2003). Pathological gambling and suicidality: An analysis of severity and lethality. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 33, 88–98.10.1521/suli.2003.33.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, V., Koh, P. K., Yang, Y., Ng, A., Guo, S., Kandasami, G., & Wong, K. E (2015). Suicidal ideation and lifetime attempts in substance and gambling disorders. Psychiatry Research, 225, 706–709.10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick, R. A., Russo, A. M., Ramirez, L. F., & Taber, J. I. (1984). Affective disorders among pathological gamblers seeking treatment. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 215–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, S. C., & Thompson, A. H. (2003). A population-based study of the association between pathological gambling and attempted suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 33, 80–87.10.1521/suli.2003.33.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., … De Graaf, R. (2008). Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 98–105.10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oquendo, M. A., Currier, D., & Mann, J. J. (2006). Prospective studies of suicidal behavior in major depressive and bipolar disorders: What is the evidence for predictive risk factors? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114, 151–158.10.1111/acp.2006.114.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry, N. M., & Kiluk, B. D. (2002). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 462.10.1097/00005053-200207000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pridmore, S., & Reddy, A. (2012). Financial loss and suicide. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 19, 74–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin, P., Agerbo, E., & Mortensen, P. B. (2002). Suicide risk in relation to family history of completed suicide and psychiatric disorders: A nested case-control study based on longitudinal registers. The Lancet, 360, 1126–1130.10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11197-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd, M. D., & Joiner, T. (1998). The assessment management and treatment of suicidality: Toward clinically informed and balanced standards of care. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 135–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruengorn, C., Sanichwankul, K., Niwatananun, W., Mahatnirunkul, S., Pumpaisalchai, W., & Patumanond, J. (2011). Incidence and risk factors of suicide reattempts within 1 year after psychiatric hospital discharge in mood disorder patients. Clinical Epidemiology, 3, 305–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scowcroft, E. (2016). Samaritans: Suicide statistics report 2016. Retrieved from http://www.samaritans.org/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Samaritans%20suicide%20statistics%20report%202016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Séguin, M., Boyer, R., Lesage, A., McGirr, A., Suissa, A., Tousignant, M., & Turecki, G. (2010). Suicide and gambling: Psychopathology and treatment-seeking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 541–547.10.1037/a0019041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Specker, S. M., Carlson, G. A., Edmonson, K. M., Johnson, P. E., & Marcotte, M. (1996). Psychopathology in pathological gamblers seeking treatment. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 67–81.10.1007/BF01533190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097.10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, B., & Brown, G. K. (2012). Safety planning intervention: A brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19, 256–264.10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thon, N., Preuss, U. W., Pölzleitner, A., Quantschnig, B., Scholz, H., Kühberger, A., … Wurst, F. M. (2014). Prevalence of suicide attempts in pathological gamblers in a nationwide Austrian treatment sample. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36, 342–346.10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toneatto, T., & Pillai, S. (2016). Mood and anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders among pathological and recovered gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 217–227.10.1007/s11469-016-9647-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle, H., Moody, A., Spence, S., Orford, J., Volberg, R., Jotangia, D., … Dobbie, F. (2010). British gambling prevalence survey. London: National Centre for Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Windfuhr, K., & Kapur, N. (2011). Suicide and mental illness: A clinical review of 15 years findings from the UK national confidential inquiry into suicide. British Medical Bulletin, 100, 101–121.10.1093/bmb/ldr042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H. G., Joyce, P. R., … Newman, S. C. (1999). Prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in nine countries. Psychological Medicine, 29, 9–17.10.1017/S0033291798007867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar