Setting a hard (versus soft) monetary limit decreases expenditure: an assessment using player account data

References

• Access Economics. (2002). Gambling participation and expenditure in the 1998-99 household expenditure survey. Report produced for Tattersall’s. Retrieved from http://www.accesseconomics.com.au/reports/tattsrebuttal.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Auer, M., Hopfgartner, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). An empirical study of the effect of voluntary limit-setting on gamblers’ loyalty using behavioural tracking data. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 1939–1950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00084-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer, M., Reiestad, S. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Global limit setting as a responsible gambling tool: What do players think? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9892-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., & Tierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the greatest human strength. Penguin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bernhard, B. J., Lucas, A. F., & Dongsuk, J. (2006). Responsible gaming device research report, International Gaming Institute, University of Nevada.
   Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., Cowley, E., Anthony, C., & Hinsley, K. (2016). Breaks in play: Do they achieve intended aims? Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 789–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9565-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., Gainsbury, S., & Karlov, L. (2014). Blue Gum gaming machine: An evaluation of responsible gambling features. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(3), 697–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9378-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., Ladouceur, R., & Shaffer, H. J. (2004). A science-based framework for responsible gambling: The Reno model. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(3), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOGS.0000040281.49444.e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., Sharpe, L., Walker, M., Shannon, K., & Coughlan, M. J. (2005). Structural characteristics of electronic gaming machines and satisfaction of play among recreational and problem gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 5(2), 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459790500303378
   Google Scholar
• Breen, H., Buultjens, J., & Hing, N. (2005). Evaluating implementation of a voluntary responsible gambling code in Queensland, Australia. International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 3(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/9499
   Google Scholar
• Burge, A. N., Pietrzak, R. H., Molina, C. A., & Petry, N. M. (2004). Age of gambling initiation and severity of gambling and health problems among older adult problem gamblers. Psychiatric Services, 55(12), 1437–1439. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.12.1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, R. L. (1993). Drinking restraint and risk for alcohol abuse. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1(1–4), 44. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.1.1-4.44
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Coverley Veale, D. M. W. (1987). Exercise and mental health. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 76(2), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02872.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). The value of voluntary vs. mandatory responsible gambling limit-setting systems: A review of the evidence. International Gambling Studies, 21(2), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2020.1853196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfabbro, P. H., & Winefield, A. H. (1999). Poker-machine gambling: An analysis of within session characteristics. British Journal of Psychology, 90(3), 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712699161503
   Google Scholar
• Dowling, N., Smith, D., & Thomas, T. (2005). Electronic gaming machines: Are they the ‘crack‐cocaine’of gambling? Addiction, 100(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00962.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engebo, J. (2012). Ivts and tools for responsible gambling: Multix and Belago [Paper presented]. At the 9th European Conference on Gambling Studies and Policy Issues. Loutraki, Greece.
   Google Scholar
• Focal Research. (2010). Evaluating the impact of the “My-Play” system in Nova Scotia: Phase 1. Regular VL player benchmark survey. Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Gainsbury, S. M., Abarbanel, B. L., Philander, K. S., & Butler, J. V. (2018). Strategies to customize responsible gambling messages: A review and focus group study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6281-0
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D., Wood, R. T., & Parke, J. (2009). Social responsibility tools in online gambling: A survey of attitudes and behavior among internet gamblers. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(4), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hing, N. (2004). The efficacy of responsible gambling measures in NSW clubs: The gamblers’ perspective. In G. Coman, (Ed.), Proceedings of the 13thannual National Association for Gabling Studies Conference, Canberra, Australia, November 2003[CD-ROM] (pp. 121–137). Alphington, Australia: National Association for Gambling Studies Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgins, D. C., Stea, J. N., & Grant, J. E. (2011). Gambling disorders. The Lancet, 378(9806), 1874–1884. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62185-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, B. H. (2014). Norsk tippings responsible gambling platform [Paper presented]. At the 10th European Conference on Gambling Studies and Policy Issues. Helsinki, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, B. H. (2016). Mandatory pre-commitment loss limits. Norsk Tipping.
   Google Scholar
• Hollingshead, S. J., Wohl, M. J. A., & Santesso, D. (2019). Do you read me? Including personalized behavioral feedback in pop-up messages does not enhance limit adherence among gamblers. Computers in Human Behavior, 94, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Wohl, M. J. A., Stewart, M., Sztainert, T., & Gainsbury, S. (2014). Limit your time, gamble responsibility: Setting a time limit (via pop-up message) on an electronic gambling machine reduces time on device. International Gambling Studies, 14(2), 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2014.910244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzban, R. (2010). Why everyone (else) is a hypocrite: Evolution and the modular mind. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ladouceur, R., Blaszczynski, A., & Lalande, D. R. (2012). Pre-commitment in gambling: A review of the empirical evidence. International Gambling Studies, 12(2), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2012.658078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladouceur, R., Shaffer, P., Blaszczynski, A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2017). Responsible gambling: A synthesis of the empirical evidence. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(2), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2016.1245294
   Google Scholar
• Lister, J. J., Nower, L., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2016). Gambling goals predict chasing behavior during slot machine play. Addictive Behaviors, 62, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, C. (2017). How electronic gambling machines work. (ACRG Discussion Paper 8). Australian Gambling Research Centre, Australian Institute of Family Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, C., & Woolley, R. (2008). The relevance and role of gaming machine games and game features on the play of problem gamblers. Gambling Research Panel. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Manitoba Gaming Control Commission. (2009). Limit-setting campaign: Evaluation report. Author.
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet, S. (2005). Responsible gambling features of card-based technologies. International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 3(2), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/9751
   Google Scholar
• Omnifacts Bristol Research. (2005). Nova Scotia player card research project: State I research report. Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Polivy, J. (1998). The effects of behavioral inhibition: Integrating internal cues, cognition, behavior, and affect. Psychological Inquiry, 9(3), 181–204. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0903_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Productivity Commission. (2010). Gambling, Report no. 50,
   Google Scholar
• Responsible Gambling Council. (2006). Reaching people where they play. Newslink.
   Google Scholar
• Schottler Consulting. (2010). Major findings and implications: Player tracking and precommitment. Treasury Department.
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer, H. J., Peller, A. J., LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., & LaBrie, R. A. (2010). Toward a paradigm shift in Internet gambling research: From opinion and self-report to actual behavior. Addiction Research & Theory, 18(3), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066350902777974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, L., & Tarrier, N. (1993). Towards a cognitive-behavioural theory of problem gambling. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162(3), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.3.407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M. J., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2013). Pop-up messages, dissociation, and craving: How monetary limit reminders facilitate adherence in a session of slot machine gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 268. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabri, N., Hollingshead, S. J., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2019). A limit approaching pop-up message reduces gambling expenditures, except among players with a financially focused self-concept. International Gambling Studies, 19(2), 327–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2019.1567806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volberg, R. A., Gerstein, D. R., Christiansen, E. M., & Baldridge, J. (2001). Assessing self-reported expenditures on gambling. Managerial and Decision Economics, 22(1–3), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.999
   Google Scholar
• Wiebe, J., Mun, P., & Kauffman, N. (2006). Gambling and problem gambling in Ontario 2005. Responsible Gaming Council.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. J., Hann, R. G., Schopflocher, D. P., West, B. L., McLaughlin, P., White, N., King, K., & Flexhaug, T. (2015). Quinte longitudinal study of gambling and problem gambling. Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre. February 20, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3641
   Google Scholar
• Wohl, M. J. A. (2018). Loyalty programmes in the gambling industry: Potentials for harm and possibilities for harm-minimization. International Gambling Studies, 18(3), 495–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2018.1480649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl, M. J. A., Christie, K. L., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2010). Animation-based education as a gambling prevention tool: Correcting erroneous cognitions and reducing the frequency of exceeding limits among slots players. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(3), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-009-9155-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl, M. J. A., Davis, C. G., & Hollingshead, S. J. (2017). How much have you won or lost? personalized behavioral feedback about gambling expenditures regulates play. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 437–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl, M. J. A., Lyon, M., Donnelly, C. L., Young, M. M., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2008). Episodic cessation of gambling: A numerically aided phenomenological assessment of why gamblers stop playing in a given session. International Gambling Studies, 8(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459790802405855
   Google Scholar
• Wohl, M. J. A., Parush, A., Kim, H. A. S., & Warren, K. (2014). Building it better: Applying human–computer interaction and persuasive system design principles to a monetary limit tool improves responsible gambling. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R. T., Wohl, M. J. A., Tabri, N., & Philander, K. (2017). Measuring responsible gambling amongst players: Development of the positive play scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 227. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar