Applying the Protective Gambling Beliefs Scale (PGBS) among Chinese gamblers and testing its association with responsible gambling

References

• American Association for Public Opinion Research. (2016). Standard definitions: Final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys. https://www-archive.aapor.org/AAPOR_Main/media/publications/Standard-Definitions20169theditionfinal.pdf
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, J. L. (1996). Full Information Estimation in the Presence of Incomplete Data. In G.A. Marcoulides, & R.E. Schumacker (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and Techniques (pp. 243–278). Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah.
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, J. L. (2021). IBM SPSS Amos 28 User’s Guide. IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, T., Rockloff, M., Browne, M., & Blaszczynski, A. (2019). Development and validation of the protective gambling beliefs scale (PGBS). International Gambling Studies, 19(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2018.1500624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, T., Rockloff, M., Browne, M., & Blaszczynski, A. (2020a). Beliefs about gambling mediate the effect of cognitive style on gambling problems. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(3), 871–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-020-09942-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, T., Rockloff, M., Browne, M., & Blaszczynski, A. (2020b). Encouraging gamblers to think critically using generalised analytical priming is ineffective at reducing gambling biases. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(3), 851–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09910-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, T., Rockloff, M., Browne, M., & Blaszczynski, A. (2020c). Training gamblers to re-think their gambling choices: How contextual analytical thinking may be useful in promoting safer gambling. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(3), 766–784. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Reasons for gambling and problem gambling among Norwegian horse bettors: A real-world study utilizing combining survey data and behavioral player data. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00442-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellg, A. J. (2003). Maintenance of health behavior change in preventive cardiology: Internalization and self-regulation of new behaviors. Behavior Modification, 27(1), 103–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445502238696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benhsain, K., Taillefer, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). Awareness of independence of events and erroneous perceptions while gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 29(2), 399–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., Collins, P., Fong, D., Ladouceur, R., Nower, L., Shaffer, H. J., Tavares, H., & Venisse, J. -L. (2011). Responsible gambling: General principles and minimal requirements. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(4), 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9214-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2010). Instrumental tool or drug: Relationship between attitudes to money and problem gambling. Addiction Research & Theory, 18(6), 681–691. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066351003786752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buen, A., & Flack, M. (2021). Predicting problem gambling severity: Interplay between emotion dysregulation and gambling-related cognitions. Journal of Gambling Studies, 38(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-021-10039-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calado, F., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (2000-2015). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 592–613. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha, E. S., Kim, K. H., & Erlen, J. A. (2007). Translation of scales in cross‐cultural research: Issues and techniques. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58(4), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04242.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. H., Tong, K. K., Wu, A. M. S., Lau, J. T. F., & Zhang, M. X. (2018). The comorbidity of gambling disorder among Macao adult residents and the moderating role of resilience and life purpose. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2774. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. H., Wu, A., & Tong, K. K. (2015). Evaluation of psychometric properties of the inventory of gambling motives, attitudes and behaviors among Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13(3), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9536-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang, L., Zhang, M. X., Lau, J. T., Leong, K. K. H., & Wu, A. (2022). Applying the revised illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R) to gambling disorder: Its psychometric properties in Chinese adults. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00837-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lara, C. M. R., & Perales, J. C. (2020). Psychobiology of gambling-related cognitions in gambling disorder. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 31, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfabbro, P., Georgiou, N., Malvaso, C., & King, D. (2020). Is self-reported propensity for everyday illusions of control higher in gamblers and is it associated with gambling-specific erroneous beliefs? SAGE Open, 10(1), 2158244019899436. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellis, A., Spurrett, D., Hofmeyr, A., Sharp, C., & Ross, D. (2013). Gambling participation and problem gambling severity among rural and peri-urban poor South African adults in KwaZulu-Natal. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9324-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ejova, A., & Ohtsuka, K. (2020). Erroneous gambling-related beliefs emerge from broader beliefs during problem-solving: A critical review and classification scheme. Thinking & Reasoning, 26(2), 159–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2019.1590233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaziano, C. (2008). Last-birthday selection. In P. J. Lavrakas (Ed.), Encyclopedia of survey research methods (pp. 417–418). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947.n267
   Google Scholar
• Giroux, I., Boutin, C., Ladouceur, R., Lachance, S., & Dufour, M. (2008). Awareness training program on responsible gambling for casino employees. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6(4), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-008-9165-1
   Google Scholar
• Grant, J. E., Schreiber, L., Odlaug, B. L., & Kim, S. W. (2010). Pathologic gambling and bankruptcy. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D. (1990). The cognitive psychology of gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01015747
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
   Google Scholar
• Håkansson, A., & Widinghoff, C. (2020). Over-indebtedness and problem gambling in a general population sample of online gamblers. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, M., Chen, J. H., Wu, A. M. S, & Tong, K. K. (2022). Fast or slow: Applying life history strategies to responsible gambling adherence. International Gambling Studies, 22(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2022.2035422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, G. H. (2011). Responsible gambling policies and practices in Macao: A critical review. Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health, 2(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03342125
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson, A., & Håkansson, A. (2018). Gambling disorder, increased mortality, suicidality, and associated comorbidity: A longitudinal nationwide register study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1091–1099. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyonka, E. G., & Schutte, N. S. (2018). Probability discounting and gambling: A meta‐analysis. Addiction, 113(12), 2173–2181. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriazos, T. A. (2018). Applied psychometrics: Sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general. Psychology, 9(08), 2207. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.98126
   Google Scholar
• Ladouceur, R., Shaffer, P., Blaszczynski, A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2017). Responsible gambling: A synthesis of the empirical evidence. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(3), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2016.1245294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. P., Chae, P. K., Lee, H. S., & Kim, Y. K. (2007). The five-factor gambling motivation model. Psychiatry Research, 150(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J., Doll, H., Hawton, K., Dutton, W. H., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., & Rogers, R. D. (2010). How psychological symptoms relate to different motivations for gambling: An online study of internet gamblers. Biological Psychiatry, 68(8), 733–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu, S., Barrault, S., Brunault, P., & Varescon, I. (2018). Gambling motives: Do they explain cognitive distortions in male poker gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(1), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-017-9700-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, R. K., Whelan, J. P., Meyers, A. W., & Steenbergh, T. A. (2005). Gambling-related irrational beliefs in the maintenance and modification of gambling behavior. International Gambling Studies, 5(2), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459790500303147
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz, Y., Chebat, J. C., & Suissa, J. A. (2010). Using fear appeals in warning labels to promote responsible gambling among VLT players: The key role of depth of information processing. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(4), 593–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9182-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newall, P. W., Walasek, L., Hassanniakalager, A., Russell, A. M., Ludvig, E. A., & Browne, M. (2020). Statistical risk warnings in gambling. Behavioural Public Policy, 7(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.59
   Google Scholar
• Nower, L., & Blaszczynski, A. (2010). Gambling motivations, money-limiting strategies, and precommitment preferences of problem versus non-problem gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(3), 361–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-009-9170-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nower, L., Eyrich-Garg, K. M., Pollio, D. E., & North, C. S. (2014). Problem gambling and homelessness: Results from an epidemiologic study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(2), 533–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9435-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oei, T. P. S., Lin, J., & Raylu, N. (2007). Validation of the Chinese version of the gambling related cognitions scale (GRCS-C). Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(3), 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-006-9040-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, J. D., Burke, R. S., Hill, F., & Matens, P. (2000). Gambling education group workbook. Mental Illness Research and Clinical Center. https://onlinececredits.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Gambling-Group-Intervention-Manual.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Petry, N. M., Rash, C. J., & Alessi, S. M. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of brief interventions for problem gambling in substance abuse treatment patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(10), 874–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potenza, M. N., Balodis, I. M., Derevensky, J., Grant, J. E., Petry, N. M., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Yip, S. W. (2019). Gambling disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 5(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0099-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Problem Gambling Prevention and Treatment Division. (2010). Five Steps of Smart Financing. https://iasweb.ias.gov.mo/cvf/en/finance.jsp
   Google Scholar
• Raykov, T. (1997). Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21(2), 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/01466216970212006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Responsible Gambling Organizing Committee. (2014). Report on Responsible Gambling 2009-2013. Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau, Macao SAR. https://www.dicj.gov.mo/web/files/responsible/Report%20on%20RG%202009-2013_En.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ritt-Olson, A., Milam, J., Unger, J. B., Trinidad, D., Teran, L., Dent, C. W., & Sussman, S. (2004). The protective influence of spirituality and “health-as-a-value” against monthly substance use among adolescents varying in risk. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(3), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, J. B. (2008). Core reporting practices in structural equation modeling. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 4(2), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2007.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer, J. A., DeGeest, D., & Li, A. (2016). Tackling the problem of construct proliferation: A guide to assessing the discriminant validity of conceptually related constructs. Organizational Research Methods, 19(1), 80–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428115598239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, L., & Tarrier, N. (1993). Towards a cognitive-behavioral theory of problem gambling. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162(3), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.3.407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Social Welfare Bureau. (2013). Report of the first-phase pilot test of responsible gambling information kiosk. https://www.ias.gov.mo/wp-content/themes/ias/en/stat/cvf/CVF131003e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Tabri, N., Dupuis, D. R., Kim, H. S., & Wohl, M. J. (2015). Economic mobility moderates the effect of relative deprivation on financial gambling motives and disordered gambling. International Gambling Studies, 15(2), 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2015.1046468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabri, N., Wood, R. T., Philander, K., & Wohl, M. J. (2020). An examination of the validity and reliability of the positive play scale: Findings from a Canadian national study. International Gambling Studies, 20(2), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2020.1732442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabri, N., Xuereb, S., Cringle, N., & Clark, L. (2022). Associations between financial gambling motives, gambling frequency and level of problem gambling: A meta-analytic review. Addiction, 117(3), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, C. S. K., & Wu, A. M. S. (2012). Gambling-related cognitive biases and pathological gambling among youths, young adults, and mature adults in Chinese societies. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-011-9249-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toneatto, T., Kosky, B., & Leo, G. I. (2003). Treatment program for people affected by problem gambling: How to quit or reduce your gambling. Problem Gambling Institute of Ontario, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
   Google Scholar
• Tong, K. K., Chen, J. H., & Wu, A. M. S. (2019). Application of health belief model to practice of responsible gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35(3), 1047–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09871-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, K. K., Chen, J. H., & Wu, A. M. S. (2020). Validation and application of the positive play scale adapted for Chinese gamblers: Its relation to disordered gambling and gambling attitudes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 263. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, K. K., Hung, E. P., Lei, C. M., & Wu, A. M. S. (2018). Public awareness and practice of responsible gambling in Macao. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(4), 1261–1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-018-9750-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. Y., Tong, K. K., Wu, A. M., & Yu, S. (2016). Validation of the revised inventory of gambling motives, attitudes, and behaviors (GMAB-R) among Chinese university students. Journal of Gambling and Commercial Gaming Research, 1, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.17536/jgcgr.2016.005
   Google Scholar
• Westen, D., & Rosenthal, R. (2003). Quantifying construct validity: Two simple measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 608–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widinghoff, C., Berge, J., Wallinius, M., Billstedt, E., Hofvander, B., & Håkansson, A. (2019). Gambling disorder in male violent offenders in the prison system: Psychiatric and substance-related comorbidity. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35(2), 485–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-018-9785-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, R. J., Belanger, Y. D., & Prusak, S. Y. (2016). Gambling and problem gambling among Canadian urban aboriginals. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 61(11), 724–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716661990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, B. M., Browne, M., Rockloff, M., Stuart, G., & Smith, B. P. (2021). Protective action and risky beliefs: The relationship between religion and gambling fallacies. Journal of Gambling Studies, 38(1), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-021-10028-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl, M. J., Santesso, D. L., & Harrigan, K. (2013). Reducing erroneous cognition and the frequency of exceeding limits among slots players: A short (3-minute) educational animation facilitates responsible gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11(4), 409–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-012-9424-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2007). Problem gambling on the internet: Implications for internet gambling policy in North America. New Media & Society, 9(3), 520–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807076987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R. T., Wohl, M. J., Tabri, N., & Philander, K. (2017). Measuring responsible gambling amongst players: Development of the positive play scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 227. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, A. M. S., Lai, M. H. C., & Tong, K. K. (2014). Gambling disorder: Estimated prevalence rates and risk factors in Macao. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(4), 1190. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, A. M. S., & Lau, J. T. F. (2015). Gambling in China: Socio‐historical evolution and current challenges. Addiction, 110(2), 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, A. M. S., Tao, V. Y., Tong, K. K., & Cheung, S. F. (2012). Psychometric evaluation of the inventory of gambling motives, attitudes and behaviors (GMAB) among Chinese gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 12(3), 331–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2012.678273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, A. M. S., Zhou, H., Dang, L., & Chen, J. H. (2022). Is empathy associated with gambling and its addiction? A scoping review of empirical studies. Journal of Gambling Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-022-10130-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M. X., Yang, H. M., Tong, K. K., & Wu, A. M. S. (2020). The prospective effect of purpose in life on gambling disorder and psychological flourishing among university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(3), 756–765. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar