References
- Agricultural Cluster Admission System (ACAS). (2023). Cluster system admission in agricultural degree. https://acas.edu.bd/api/file/download/notice/f0e23c28-7458-4417-9f76-7224b6f96def.pdf
- Ahmed, S. (2022). Exploring faculty perception on the COVID-19 imposed shift in higher education of Bangladesh: A neoliberal analysis. Policy Futures in Education, 20(4), 509–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/14782103211052151
- Alam, G. M. (2021). Do urbanized socioeconomic background or education programs support engineers for further advancement? International Journal of Educational Reform, 30(4), 344–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056787921998338
- Archer, M. S. (2010). Routine, reflexivity, and realism. Sociological Theory, 28(3), 272–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2010.01375.x
- Australian Qualifications Framework Council. (2023). AQF levels. AQF Levels | AQF
- Beckley, A., Netherton, C., & Barber, T. (2015). Filling the skills gap in Australia – VET pathways. In C. I. Agosti & E. Bernat (Eds.), University pathway programs: Local responses within a growing global tre (pp. 151–165). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72505-5_9
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- BTEB. (2022a). Annual report. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tkXpyzzzJqHjxUomybpxrCjrg40eW-mi/view
- BTEB. (2022b). HSC (vocational) curriculum for class 12. Class-XII - Google Drive
- BTEB. (2022c). HSC (vocational) curriculums for class 11. Class-XI - Google Drive
- BTEB. (2023). Research report. https://bteb.portal.gov.bd/site/page/2c4c1ed1-3853-4ab3-98cd-4c005524c2eb
- BUET. (2023). Guideline for admission to undergraduate program academic session: 2022-2023. Prospectus(26-02-2023).pdf - Google Drive
- Callender, C. (2020). Heterogeneity. In P. N. Teixeira & J. C. Shin (Eds.), International encyclopedia of higher education systems and institutions. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8905-9
- Chowdhury, R., & Kabir, A. H. (2014). Language wars: English education policy and practice in Bangladesh. Multilingual Education, 4(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13616-014-0021-2
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.) Pearson.
- Daffodil University. (2023). Admission eligibility. Daffodil International University (daffodilvarsity.edu.bd)
- DUET. (2023). Admission notice for the undergraduate program. https://www.duet.ac.bd/notice/admission-notices/486/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF
- Edwards, D. B., & Brehm, W. C. (2015). The emergence of Cambodian civil society within global educational governance: A morphogenetic approach to agency and structure. Journal of Education Policy, 30(2), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2014.970235
- Groener, Z., & Andrews, P. (2019). Agency, access and barriers to post-school education: The TVET college pathway to further and higher learning. Journal of Vocational, Adult and Continuing Education and Training, 2(2), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.14426/jovacet.v2i2.71
- GST (General, Science, and Technology). (2023). GST admission examination. https://gstadmission.ac.bd/assets/pdf/GST_Integrated_Universities_Admission_Test_Prospectus_2022-23.pdf
- Haolader, F. A., Foysol, K. M., & Clement, C. K. (2017). Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Bangladesh–systems, curricula, and transition pathways. In M. Pilz (Ed.), Vocational education and training in times of economic crisis: Lessons from around the world (pp. 201–227). Springer.
- Hodge, S., Knight, E., Rawolle, S., & Webb, S. (2022). HE in vocational institutions in Australia: What’s going on? In E. Knight, A. M. Bathmaker, G. Moodie, K. Orr, S. Webb, & L. Wheelahan (Eds.), Equity and access to high skills through higher vocational education (pp. 189–214). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84502-5_10
- ILO. (2012). National training and vocational qualifications framework (NTVQF): Fact sheet. wcms_233798.pdf (ilo.org)
- Kabir, A. H. (2020). Higher education: Trapped in the neoliberal reform. In M. T. Khan & M. S. Rahman (Eds.), Neoliberal development and the Bangladesh state (pp. 127–152). University Press Limited.
- Kabir, A. H. (2021). ‘Network governance’ and the formation of the strategic plan in the higher education sector in Bangladesh. Journal of Education Policy, 36(4), 455–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2020.1717637
- Kabir, A. H. (2023). Bisshobiddaloye kendriovabe vortite porikkhar bikolpo bhaba proyojon [Needs to consider an alternative to the centralized admissions exam at the university]. বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে কেন্দ্রীয়ভাবে ভর্তিতে পরীক্ষার বিকল্পও ভাবা প্রয়োজন (samakal.com)
- Kabir, A. H., & Chowdhury, R. (2017). Donor logic’, NGOs, the ruling elite, and the decolonization of education in Bangladesh. In J. Murphy & N. Jammulamadaka (Eds.), Governance, resistance and the post-colonial state: Management and state building (pp. 162–181). Routledge.
- Kabir, A. H., & Chowdhury, R. (2021). The privatisation of higher education in postcolonial Bangladesh: The politics of intervention and control. Routledge.
- Kabir, A. H., & Greenwood, J. (2017). Neoliberalism, violence and student resistance in the higher education sector in Bangladesh. Society and Culture in South Asia, 3(1), 68–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/2393861716674106
- Kabir, A. H., & Webb, S. (2018). Governance of private universities in Bangladesh: The myth of institutional autonomy. In R. Chowdhury, M. Sarkar, F. Mojumder, & M. M. Roshid (Eds.), Engaging in educational research: Revisiting policy and practice in Bangladesh (pp. 279–297). Springer.
- Karmel, T. (2014). Learning from successful skills development systems: Lessons from Australia. Prospect, 44(2), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-014-9307-0
- Kivunja, C., & Kuyin, A. B. (2017). Understanding and applying research paradigms in educational contexts. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(5), 26–41. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n5p26
- Maleque, M. A., Rahman, S. M. H., Ahmed, S. S., Salahuddin, A. N. M., & Tithi, U. (2018). A study for enhancing enrolment and acceptability of HSC (vocational) course. BTTB. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Z9-JojhlxCJQQuUVj_AkBkfRNTRmQV80/view
- Maleque, M. A., Rahman, S. M. H., Kabir, A. H., Ahmed, S. S., Salahuddin, A. N. M., & Tithi, U. (2022). A tracer study for matching diploma in engineering curriculum for local and global employability. BTTB. A Tracer Study for Matching Diploma in Engineering Curriculum for Local and Global Employability.pdf - Google Drive
- Marginson, S. (2016a). High participation systems of higher education. The Journal of Higher Education, 87(2), 243–271. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2016.0007
- Marginson, S. (2016b). The worldwide trend to high participation higher education: Dynamics of social stratification in inclusive systems. Higher Education, 72(4), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0016-x
- Marginson, S. (2017). Elite, mass, and high-participation higher education. In J. C. Shin & P. Teixeira (Eds.), The encyclopedia of international higher education systems and institution (pp. 1–9). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_50-1
- Marginson, S. (2018a). Equity. In B. Cantwell, S. Marginson, & A. Smolentseva (Eds.), High participation systems of higher educationn. Oxford University Press.
- Marginson, S. (2018b). High participation systems (HPS) of higher education. In B. Cantwell, S. Marginson, & A. Smolentseva (Eds.), High participation systems of higher education. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828877.001.0001
- Ministry of Education. (1974). Bangladesh education commission report. https://www.shed.gov.bd/site/page/9d3bb05d-cb48-4ee1-bdee-f816cb574b4c/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8–%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A8
- Ministry of Education. (1988). Bangladesh national education commission. https://www.shed.gov.bd/site/page/f1ce4f91-d427-4b11-8e15-bd2680bcb35d/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8
- Ministry of Education. (1997). National education policy. https://www.shed.gov.bd/site/page/2e0394be-125d-4463-ad44-ef72312a0c3d/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8,-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD
- Ministry of Education. (2010). National education policy. National Education Policy 2010 final.pdf (moedu.gov.bd).
- Ministry of Education. (2011). National skills development policy 2011. Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh.
- Ministry of Education. (2018). TVET Action plan. টিভেট-এ্যকশান-প্লান (portal.gov.bd)
- Naziz, A. (2019). Collaboration for transition between TVET and university: A proposal. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 20(8), 1428–1443. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2018-0197
- Netswera, F., Wilson, K., Cassidy, N., & Makombe, G. (2017). Sustainability of higher education credit systems and transfer structures experiences from Australia, South Africa, and the United States of America. In F. Maringe & E. Ojo (Eds.), Sustainable transformation in African higher education (pp. 91–100). BRILL.
- North South University. (2023). Undergraduate admission requirements. Undergraduate Admission Requirements (northsouth.edu)
- OECD. (2012). Post-secondary vocational education and training. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264097551-en
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.) Sage.
- Peters, S. (2021). Market conditions of international VET providers: A comparative analysis of Australia, UK, USA, and Germany. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 13(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-021-00128-w
- Prior, L. (2011). Using documents in social research. In D. Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative research: Issues of theory, method, and practice (3rd ed., pp. 93–110). Sage.
- Siddiquee, M. S. H., & Emran, S. J. (2018). A tracer study for making HSC (business management) course more market responsive and practical oriented. BTTB. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iZ9NmdVX5zBlgg8ANRfJKEuU8tM9hVRF/view
- Trow, M. (1973). Problems in transitioning from elite to mass higher education. Carnegie Commission on Higher Education.
- UNESCO-UIS. (2012). International standard classification of education ISCED 2011. UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
- University Grants Commission Bangladesh, (2023). Notice. [Online] http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/
- University of Dhaka. (2023). Science unit: admission instruction for undergraduate program 2022-2023. https://adma394c127769905e430433c93686fab3a.eis.du.ac.bd/en/hask5de047fde9454fldkjdae3cfaget464
- Willis, J. W. (2007). Foundations of qualitative research: Interpretive and critical approaches. Sage.
- The World Bank. (2023). School enrollment, tertiary (%gross) – Bangladesh. School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) - Bangladesh | Data (worldbank.org)
- Xie, A. (2015). Toward a more equal admission? Access in the mass higher education era. Chinese Education & Society, 48(3), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611932.2015.1095614