A review of computational studies on the effect of physical variables in direct injection diesel engines

References

• Aceves, S., D. L. Flowers, F. Espinosa-Loza, and A. Babajimopoulos, 2005, “Analysis of Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion with a Sequential Fluid Mechanics-Multizone Chemical Kinetics Model”, SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0115. doi: 10.4271/2005-01-0115
   Google Scholar
• Aita, S., A. Tabbal, G. Munck, N. Montmayeur, Y. Takenaka, and Y. Aoyagi, 1991, “ Numerical Simulation of Swirling Portvalve-Cylinder Flow in Diesel Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 910263. doi: 10.4271/910263
   Google Scholar
• Akbarian, E., B. Najafi, M. Jafari, S. F. Ardabili, S. Shamshirband, and K.-W. Chau. 2018. “Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Numerical Simulation of Using Natural Gas in a Dual-fueled Diesel Engine.” Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics 12 (1): 517–534. doi:10.1080/19942060.2018.1472670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akihama, K., Y. Takatori, K. Inagaki, S. A. Sasaki, and A. M. Dean, 2001, “Mechanism of the Smokeless Rich Diesel Combustion by Reducing Temperature”, SAE Technical paper 2001-01-0655. doi: 10.4271/2001-01-0655
   Google Scholar
• Aleiferis, P. G., and Z. R. Van Romunde. 2012. “An Analysis of Spray Development with Iso-Octane, N-Pentane, Gasoline, Ethanol and N-Butanol from a Multi-Hole Injector Under Hot Fuel Conditions.” Fuel. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amano, T., S. Morimoto, and Y. Kawabata, 2001, “Modeling of the Effect of Air/Fuel Ratio and Temperature Distribution on HCCI Engines”, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1024.doi: 10.4271/2001-01-1024
   Google Scholar
• Angelberger, C., D. Veynante, F. Egolfopoulos, and T. Poinsot, 1998, “A Flame Surface Density Model for Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulent Premixed Flames.” Proceedings of the Summer Program, Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford, California, USA. Vol. 126, pp. 66–82.
   Google Scholar
• Arcoumanis, C., P. Begleris, A. D. Gosman, and J. H. Wkhitelaw, 1986, “Measurements and Calculations of the Flow in a Research Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 861563. doi: 10.4271/861563
   Google Scholar
• Arcoumanis, C., M. Gavaises, and B. French, 1997, “Effect of Fuel Injection on the Structure of Diesel Sprays”, SAE Technical Paper 970799. doi: 10.4271/970799
   Google Scholar
• Arcoumannis, C., A. F. Bicen, and J. H. Whitelaw. 1993. “Squish and Swirl–Squish Interaction in Motored Model Engines.” ASME J Fluid Mech 105 (12): 212–245. doi:10.1115/1.3240925.
   Google Scholar
• Béard, P., O. Colin, and M. Miche, 2003, “Improved Modeling of DI Diesel Engines Using Sub-Grid Descriptions of Spray and Combustion”, SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0008. doi: 10.4271/2003-01-0008
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi, G. M., and S. Fontanesi, 2003, “On the Applications of Low-Reynolds Cubic K–Turbulence Models in 3D Simulations of Ice Intake Flows”, SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0003. doi: 10.4271/2003-01-0003
   Google Scholar
• Borman, G. L., and K. W. Gagland. 1998. Combustion Engineering. WCB/McGraw-Hill New York.
   Google Scholar
• Brandl, F., W. Reverencic, Cartellieri, W, and J. C. Dent, 1979, “Turbulent Air Flow in the Combustion Bowl of a DI Diesel Engine and Its Effect on Engine Performance”, SAE Technical Paper 790040. doi: 10.4271/790040
   Google Scholar
• Celik, I., I. Yavuz, and A. Smirnov. 2001. “Large Eddy Simulations of In-Cylinder Turbulence for Internal Combustion Engines: A Review.” International Journal of Engine Research 2 (2): 119–148. doi:10.1243/1468087011545389.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, A., A. Veshagh, and S. Wallace, 1998, “Intake Flow Predictions of a Transparent DI Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical paper 981020. doi: 10.4271/981020
   Google Scholar
• Chen, W., J. Pan, B. Fan, Y. Liu, and O. Peter. 2017. “Effect of Injection Strategy on Fuel-Air Mixing and Combustion Process in a Direct Injection Diesel Rotary Engine (DI-DRE).” Energy Conversion and Management 154: 68–80. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., X. Li, S. Shi, Q. Zhao, D. Liu, J. Chang, and F. Liu. 2021. “Effects of Intake Swirl on the Fuel/Air Mixing and Combustion Performance in a Lateral Swirl Combustion System for Direct Injection Diesel Engines.” Fuel 286 (1): 119376. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119376.
   Google Scholar
• Chhetri, A. B., and K. C. Watts. 2012. “Surface Tensions of Petro-diesel, Canola, Jatropha and Soapnut Biodiesel Fuels at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures.” Fuel. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2012.05.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colin, O., and A. Benkenida. 2004. “The 3-Zone Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM3Z) for Computing Premixed/diffusion Combustion.” Oil & Gas Science and Technology– Rev 59 (6): 593–609. IFP. doi:10.2516/ogst:2004043.
   Google Scholar
• Dec, J. E. 2009. “Advanced Compression-ignition Engines– Understanding the In-cylinder Processes.” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 (2): 2727–2742. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2008.08.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillies, B., A. Ducamin, L. Lebrere, and F. Neveu, 1997, “Direct Injection Diesel Engine Simulation: A Combined Numerical and Experimental Approach from Aerodynamics to Combustion”, SAE Technical paper 970880. doi: 10.4271/970880
   Google Scholar
• Fang, T., C. F. Lee, R. E. Coverdill, and R. A. White. 2007. “Smokeless Combustion within a Small-bore HSDI Diesel Engine Using a Narrow Angle Injector.” SAE Technical Paper. 2007-01-0203. doi:10.4271/2007-01-0203.
   Google Scholar
• Fridriksson, H., B. Sundén, M. Tunér, and Ö. Andersson. 2017. “Heat Transfer in Diesel and Partially Premixed Combustion Engines; A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study.” Heat Transfer Engineering 38 (17): 1481–1495. doi:10.1080/01457632.2016.1255086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesh, D., and G. Nagarajan. 2010. “Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Combustion of Diesel Fuel with External Mixture Formation.” Energy 35 (1): 148–157. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, W., J. Liu, P. Sun, T. Wang, L. Chen, B. Wang, T. Kang, S. Liu, and K. Shi. 2020. “Numerical Simulation on NO and Soot Formation Process of a Diesel Engine with Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers-diesel Blend Fuel.” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 1–16. doi:10.1080/15567036.2020.1726530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatellier, B., A. Ranini, and M. Castagné. 2006. “New Developments of the NADI (TM) Concept to Improve Operating Range, Exhaust Emissions and Noise.” Oil & Gas Science and Technology 61 (1): 7–23. doi:10.2516/ogst:2006001x.
   Google Scholar
• Genzale, C. L., S. C. Kong, and R. D. Reitz. 2008. “Modeling the Effects of Variable Intake Valve Timing on Diesel HCCI Combustion at Varying Load, Speed, and Boost Pressures.” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 130 (5): 0528061–0528068. doi:10.1115/1.2938270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosman, A. D., Y. Y. Tsui, and A. P. Watkins, 1984, “Calculation of Three Dimensional Air Motion in Model Engines”, SAE Technical paper 840229. doi: 10.4271/840229
   Google Scholar
• Han, K., B. Jang, G. Lakew, and K. Y. Huh. 2018. “Combustion Simulation of a Diesel Engine with Split Injections by Lagrangian Conditional Moment Closure Model.” Combustion Science and Technology 190 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/00102202.2017.1354854.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley, J. G., F. J. Wallace, A. Cox, R. W. Horrocks, and G. L. Bird, 1999, “Reduction of Steady-State NOx Levels from an Automotive Diesel Engine Using Optimized VGT/EGR Schedules”, SAE Technical paper 1999-01-0835. doi: 10.4271/1999-01-0835
   Google Scholar
• Helmantel, A., and I. Denbratt, 2004, “HCCI Operation of a Passenger Car Common Rail DI Diesel Engine with Early Injection of Conventional Diesel Fuel”, SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0935. doi: 10.4271/2004-01-0935
   Google Scholar
• Helmantel, A., J. Gustavasson, and I. Denbratt, 2005, “Operation of a DI Diesel Engine with Variable Effective Compression Ratio in HCCI an Conventional Diesel Mode”, SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0177. doi: 10.4271/2005-01-0177
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez, J. J., J. Sanz-Argent, J. Benajes, and S. Molina. 2008. “Selection of a Diesel Fuel Surrogate for the Prediction of Auto-ignition Under HCCI Engine Conditions.” Fuel 87 (6): 655–665. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2007.05.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood, J. B. 2018. C Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. Second edition/McGraw-Hill New York.
   Google Scholar
• Hossainpour, S., and A. R. Binesh. 2009. “Investigation of Fuel Spray Atomization in a DI Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine and Comparison of Various Spray Breakup Models.” Fuel 88 (5): 799–805. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2008.10.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultqvist, A., U. Engdar, B. Johansson, and J. Klingmann, 2001, “Reacting Boundary Layers in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine”, SAE Technical paper 2001-01-1032. doi: 10.4271/2001-01-1032
   Google Scholar
• Hyvonen, J., G. Haraldsson, and B. Johansson, 2003, “Super Charging HCCI to Extend the Operating Range in a Multi Cylinder VCR-HCCI Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3214. doi: 10.4271/2003-01-3214
   Google Scholar
• Ishida, A., A. Nishimura, M. Uranishi, R. Kihara, A. Nakamura, and P. Newman, 2000, “Development of ECOS-DDF Natural Gas Engine for Medium Duty Trucks––exhaust Gas Emission Reduction against Base Diesel Engine”, JSAE paper 20005001.
   Google Scholar
• Jaeman, L., and M. Kyoungdoug, 2005, “The Effects of Spray Angle and Piston Bowl Shape on Diesel Engine Soot Emissions Using 3-D CFD Simulation”, SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-2117. doi: 10.4271/2005-01-2117
   Google Scholar
• Jayashankara, B., and V. Ganesan. 2010. “Effect of Fuel Injection Timing and Intake Pressure on the Performance of A DI Diesel Engine– A Parametric Study Using CFD.” Energy Conversion and Management 51 (10): 1835–1848. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junjun, M., X. Lü, J. Libin, and Z. Huang. 2008. “An Experimental Study of HCCI-DI Combustion and Emissions in a Diesel Engine with Dual Fuel.” International Journal of Thermal Sciences 47 (9): 1235–1242. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2007.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalghatgi, G. T., 2007, “Partially Pre-mixed Auto-ignition of Gasoline to Attain Low Smoke and Low NOx at High Load in a Compression Ignition Engine and Comparison with a Diesel Fuel”. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0006. doi: 10.4271/2007-01-0006
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson, A., I. Magnusson, M. Balthasar, and F. Mauss, 1988, “Simulation of Soot Formation Under Diesel Engine Conditions Using a Detailed Kinetic Soot Model”, SAE Technical Paper 981022. doi: 10.4271/981022
   Google Scholar
• Kengo, K., and I. Norimasa, 2004, “Analysis of the Effect of Charge Inhomogeneity on HCCI Combustion by Chemiluminescence Measurement” SAE Technical paper 2004-01-1902. doi: 10.4271/2004-01-1902
   Google Scholar
• Kim, D. S., M. Y. Kim, and C. S. Lee. 2007. “Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Partial Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine When Using Two-stage Injection.” Combustion Science and Technology 179 (3): 531–551. doi:10.1080/00102200600671914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondoh, T., A. Fukumoto, K. Ohsawa, and Y. Ohkubo, 1985, “An Assessment of a Multidimensional Numerical Method to Predict the Flow in Internal Combustion Engines”, SAE Technical Paper 850500. doi: 10.4271/850500
   Google Scholar
• Kono, S., T. Terashita, and H. Kudo, 1991, “Study of the Swirl Effects on Spray Formations in DI Engines by 3D Numerical Calculations”, SAE Technical Paper 910264. doi: 10.4271/910264
   Google Scholar
• Kook, S., and C. Bas, 2004, “Combustion Control Using Two-stage Diesel Fuel Injection in a Single-cylinder PCCI Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0938. doi: 10.4271/2004-01-0938
   Google Scholar
• Kreso, A. M., J. H. Johnson, L. D. Gratz, S. T. Bagley, and D. G. Leddy, 1988, “A Study of the Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Emissions”, SAE Technical paper 981422. doi: 10.4271/981422
   Google Scholar
• Kumano, K., and N. Iida, 2004, “Analysis of the Effect of Charge Inhomogeneity on HCCI Combustion by Chemiluminescence Measurement”, SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1902. doi: 10.4271/2004-01-1902
   Google Scholar
• Lan, Q., Y. Bai, L. Fan, Y. Gu, L. Wen, and L. Yang. 2020. “Investigation on Fuel Injection Quantity of Low-speed Diesel Engine Fuel System Based on Response Surface Prediction Model.” Energy 211: 118946. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechner, G. A., T. Jacobs, C. Chryssakis, D. N. Assanis, and R. M. Siewert, 2005, “Evaluation of a Narrow Spray Cone Angle, Advanced Injection Timing Strategy to Achieve Partially Premixed Compression Ignition Combustion in a Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical paper 2005-01-0167. doi: 10.4271/2005-01-0167
   Google Scholar
• Machacon, H., S. Shiga, T. Karasawa, and H. Nakamura, 2000, “Simultaneous Reduction of Soot and NOx by Intake Gas Variation”, 6th International Symposium on Marine Engineering, Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Magnus, C., and J. Bengt, 2002, “The Effect of In-Cylinder Flow and Turbulence on HCCI Operation”, SAE Technical paper 2002-01-2864. doi: 10.4271/2002-01-2864
   Google Scholar
• Manimaran, R., and R. Thundil Karuppa Raj. 2013a. “CFD Analysis of Combustion and Pollutant Formation Phenomena in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine at Different EGR Conditions.” Procedia Engineering 64: 497–506. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.124.
   Google Scholar
• Manimaran, R., and R. Thundil Karuppa Raj. 2013b. “Numerical Investigations of Spray Droplet Parameters in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using 3-Z Extended Coherent Flame Model.” Advanced Materials Research 768: 226–230. d oi: 1 0.4028/w ww.s cientific.n et/AMR.768.226.
   Google Scholar
• Manimaran, R., and R. Thundil Karuppa Raj. 2013c. “Numerical Investigations on Combustion and Emission Characteristics in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine at Elevated Fuel Temperatures.” Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 4: 013008. doi:10.5098/hmt.v4.1.3008.
   Google Scholar
• Manimaran, R., and R. Thundil Karuppa Raj. 2014a. “Computational Studies of Swirl Ratio and Injection Timing on Atomization in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine.” Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT) 5 (2). doi:10.5098/hmt.5.2.
   Google Scholar
• Manimaran, R., and R. Thundil Karuppa Raj. 2014b. “Comparative Evaluation of Re-entrant and Flat Toroidal Combustion Chambers in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Computational Fluid Dynamics.” Computational Thermal Sciences: An International Journal 6 (2): 171–190. doi:10.1615/ComputThermalScien.2014010594.
   Google Scholar
• Manimaran, R., and R. Thundil Karuppa Raj. 2018. “CFD Simulation of Flow Field and Heat Transfer in a Single-Cylinder HCCI Engine at Different Boundary Conditions.” Computational Thermal Sciences: An International Journal 10 (4): 337–354. doi:10.1615/ComputThermalScien.2018022786.
   Google Scholar
• Manimaran, R., R. Thundil Karuppa Raj, and K. Senthil Kumar. 2012. “Numerical Analysis of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Combustion Using Extended Coherent Flame 3-Zone Model.” Research Journal of Recent Sciences 1 (8): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Manimaran, R., R. Thundil Karuppa Raj, and K. Senthil Kumar. 2013. “Premixed Charge Compression Ignition in Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Computational Fluid Dynamics.” WSEAS Transactions on Heat and Mass Transfer 8 (1): 16–24.
   Google Scholar
• Marriot, C. D., and R. D. Reitz, 2002, “Experimental Investigation of Direct Injection-Gasoline for Premixed Compression Ignited Combustion Phasing Control”, SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0418. doi: 10.4271/2002-01-0418
   Google Scholar
• Maurya, R. K., and A. K. Agarwal. 2011. “Experimental Study of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ethanol Fuelled Port Injected Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Combustion Engine.” Applied Energy 88 (4): 1169–1180. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.09.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muether, M., 2008, “Advanced Combustion for Low Emissions and High Efficiency. Part 1: Impact of Engine Hardware on HCCI Combustion” SAE Technical paper 2008-01-0024. doi: 10.4271/2008-01-0024
   Google Scholar
• Murakami, A., M. Arai, and H. Hiroyasu, 1988, “Swirl Measurements and Modelling in Direct Injection Diesel Engines” SAE Technical Paper 880385.doi: 10.4271/880385
   Google Scholar
• Murata, Y., J. Kusaka, Y. Daisho, D. Kawano, H. Suzuki, H. Ishii, and Y. Goto, 2008, “Miller-PCCI Combustion in an HSDI Diesel Engine with VVT”, SAE Technical paper 2008-01-0644. doi: 10.4271/2008-01-0644
   Google Scholar
• Murayama, T., M. Zheng, T. Chikahisa, Y. Oh, Y. Fujiwara, and F. Tosaka, 1995, “Simultaneous Reductions of Smoke and NOx from a DI Diesel Engine with EGR and Dimethyl Carbonate”, SAE Technical paper 952518. doi: 10.4271/952518
   Google Scholar
• Myong, K.-J., H. Suzuki, J. Senda, and H. Fujimoto. 2006. “Evaporation Characteristics of Multi-component Fuel.” Fuel 85 (17–18): 2632–2639. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevin, R. M., Y. Sun, M. A. Gonzalez, and R. D. Reitz, 2007, “PCCI Investigation Using Variable Intake Valve Closing in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical paper 2007-01-0903. doi: 10.4271/2007-01-0903
   Google Scholar
• Nordgren, H., A. Hultqvist, and B. Johansson, 2004, “Start of Injection Strategies for HCCI-combustion”, SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-2990. doi: 10.4271/2004-01-2990
   Google Scholar
• Payri, F., J. Benajes, X. Margeo, and A. Gil. 2004. “CFD Modeling of the In-cylinder Flow in Direct-injection Diesel Engine.” Computers & Fluids 33 (8): 995–1021. doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2003.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires Da Cruz, A. 2004. “Three-dimensional Modeling of Self-Ignition in HCCI and Conventional Diesel Engines.” Combustion Science and Technology 176 (5–6): 867–887. doi:10.1080/00102200490428503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad, B. V. V. S. U., C. S. Sharma, T. N. C. Anand, and R. V. Ravikrishna. 2011. “High Swirl-inducing Piston Bowls in Small Diesel Engines for Emission Reduction.” Applied Energy 88 (7): 2355–2367. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakopoulos, C. D., G. M. Kosmadakis, and E. G. Pariotis. 2010. “Investigation of Piston Bowl Geometry and Speed Effects in a Motored HSDI Diesel Engine Using a CFD against a Quasi-Dimensional Model.” Energy Conversion and Management 51 (3): 470–484. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2009.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitz, R. D., and R. Diwakar, 1986, “Effect of Drop Breakup on Fuel Sprays”, SAE Technical Paper 860469. doi: 10.4271/860469
   Google Scholar
• Renganathan, M., and R. Rajagopal Thundil Karuppa, 2014, “Computational Study of HCCI-DI Combustion at Preheated and Supercharged Inlet Air Conditions,” SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1108. doi: 10.4271/2014-01-1108
   Google Scholar
• Richter, M., J. Engström, A. Franke, M. Aldén, A. Hultqvist, and B. Johansson, 2000, “The Influence of Charge Inhomogeneity on the HCCI Combustion Process”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2868. doi: 10.4271/2000-01-2868
   Google Scholar
• Saito, T., Y. Daisho, Y. N. Uchida, and N. Ikeya, 1986, “Effects of Combustion Chamber Geometry on Diesel Combustion”, SAE Technical Paper 861186. doi: 10.4271/861186
   Google Scholar
• Schapertons, H., and F. Thiele, 1986, “Three Dimensional Computations for Flowfields in DI Piston Bowls”, SAE Technical Paper 860463.doi: 10.4271/860463
   Google Scholar
• Senthil Kumar, M., A. Kerihuel, J. Bellettre, and M. Tazerout. 2005. “Experimental Investigations on the Use of Preheated Animal Fat as Fuel in a Compression Ignition Engine.” Renewable Energy 30 (9): 1443–1456. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2004.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuang, H., B.-G. Du, L.-Y. Feng, F. Yao, J.-C. Cui, and W.-Q. Long. 2015. “A Numerical Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of A Medium-Speed Diesel Engine Using In-Cylinder Cleaning Technologies.” Energies 8 (5): 4118–4137. doi:10.3390/en8054118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siewert, R. M., 2007, “Spray Angle and Rail Pressure Study for Low NOx Diesel Combustion”, SAE Technical paper 2007-01-0122. doi: 10.4271/2007-01-0122
   Google Scholar
• Singh, A. P., and A. K. Agarwal. 2012. “Combustion Characteristics of Diesel HCCI Engine: An Experimental Investigation Using External Mixture Formation Technique.” Applied Energy 99: 116–125. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöberg, M., L. O. Edling, T. Eliassen, L. Magnusson, and H. E. Ångström, 2002, “GDI HCCI: Effects of Injection Timing and Air Swirl on Fuel Stratification, Combustion and Emissions Formation”, SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0106. doi: 10.4271/2002-01-0106
   Google Scholar
• STAR methodology for internal combustion engine applications and es-ICE user guide (2010), “Version 4.16.” CD-adapco.
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson, P. W., P. J. Claybaker, and C. T. Rutland, 1996, “Modeling the Effects of Intake Generated Turbulence and Resolved Flow Structures on Combustion in Direct Injection Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 960634. doi: 10.4271/960634
   Google Scholar
• Su, W., . H., H. Wang, and B. Liu, 2005, “Injection Mode Modulation for HCCI Diesel Combustion”, SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0117. doi: 10.4271/2005-01-0117
   Google Scholar
• Tay, K. L., W. Yang, F. Zhao, Y. Wenbin, and B. Mohan. 2017a. “A Numerical Study on the Effects of Boot Injection Rate-shapes on the Combustion and Emissions of A Kerosene-diesel Fueled Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine.” Fuel 203: 430–444. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay, K. L., W. Yang, F. Zhao, Y. Wenbin, and B. Mohan. 2017b. “Numerical Investigation on the Combined Effects of Varying Piston Bowl Geometries and Ramp Injection Rate-shapes on the Combustion Characteristics of a Kerosene-diesel Fueled Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine.” Energy Conversion and Management 136: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temizer, İ., and Ö. Cihan. 2021. “Analysis of Different Combustion Chamber Geometries Using Hydrogen/Diesel Fuel in a Diesel Engine.” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 43 (1): 17–34. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2020.1811808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorakakos, A., and G. Bergeles, 1993,“Predictions of the In-cylinder Fluid Motion of a Motored Internal Combustion Engine”, Entropie no. 174/175.
   Google Scholar
• Thundil Karuppa Raj, R., and R. Manimaran. 2012. “Effect of Swirl in a Constant Speed DI Diesel Engine Using Computational Fluid Dynamics.” CFD Letters 4 (4): 214–224.
   Google Scholar
• Tingting, L., J. A. Caton, and T. J. Jacobs. 2017. “A Numerical Investigation on the Influence of Engine Coolant Temperature under Low Temperature Combustion in A Diesel Engine.” Combustion Science and Technology 189 (11): 1992–2011. doi:10.1080/00102202.2017.1353501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomazic, D., and A. Pfeifer, 2002, “Cooled EGR––a Must or an Option for 2002/04”, SAE Technical paper 2002-01-0962. doi: 10.4271/2002-01-0962
   Google Scholar
• Tripathi, G., P. Sharma, A. Dhar, and A. Sadiki. 2019. “Computational Investigation of Diesel Injection Strategies in Hydrogen-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 36: 100543. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2019.100543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsolakis, A., and A. Megaritis. 2005. “Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Engine with On-board Production by Exhaust Gas Fuel Reforming of Diesel and Biodiesel.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 30 (7): 731–745. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.06.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakisaka, T., Y. Shimamoto, and Y. Issihiki, 1986, “Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of In-cylinder Flows in Reciprocating Engines”, SAE Technical Paper 860464. doi: 10.4271/860464
   Google Scholar
• Walter, B., and B. Gatellier. 2002. “Development of the High-power NADI Concept Using Dual-mode Diesel Combustion to Achieve Zero Nox and Particulate Emissions.” SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1744. doi:10.4271/2002-01-1744.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, T., D. Liu, G. Wang, B. Tan, and Z. Peng. 2015. “Effects of Variable Valve Lift on In-Cylinder Air Motion.” Energies 8 (12): 13778–13795. doi:10.3390/en81212397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, H., W. Zhao, L. Zhou, and G. Shu. 2018. “Numerical Investigation of Diesel Spray Flame Structures under Diesel Engine-Relevant Conditions Using Large Eddy Simulation.” Combustion Science and Technology 190 (5): 909–932. doi:10.1080/00102202.2017.1417270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissbäck, M. 2003. “Alternative Combustion - an Approach for Future HSDI Diesel Engines.” MTZ Worldwide 9/2003 Jahrgang 64: 718–727.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, K. I., P. K. Wong, and C. S. Cheung. 2015. “Modelling and Prediction of Diesel Engine Performance Using Relevance Vector Machine.” International Journal of Green Energy 12 (3): 265–271. doi:10.1080/15435075.2014.891513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, N. 2012. “Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel– Ethanol and Biodiesel–methanol Blends at Elevated Air Temperatures.” Fuel 94: 440–443. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., T. Ueda, T. Takatsuki and Yokota, K, 1995, “A Study of the Effects of Chamber Geometries on Flame Behaviour in A Direct Injection Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical paper 952515. doi: 10.4271/952515
   Google Scholar