Evaluating the potential for transboundary management of marine biodiversity in the Western Indian Ocean

References

• Allen, GR 2008, ‘Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes’, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 541–556. doi: 10.1002/aqc.880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, EH, Perry, AL, Badjeck, MC, Neil Adger, W, Brown, K, Conway, D, Halls, AS, Pilling, GM, Reynolds, JD, Andrew, NL & Dulvy, NK 2009, ‘Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries’, Fish and Fisheries, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 173–196. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00310.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allnutt, TF, McClanahan, TR, Andréfouët, S, Baker, M, Lagabrielle, E, McClennen, C, Rakotomanjaka, AJM, Tianarisoa, TF, Watson, R & Kremen, C 2012, ‘Comparison of marine spatial planning methods in Madagascar demonstrates value of alternative approaches’, PloS One, vol. 7, no. 2, p. e28969. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anti-shipping Activity Messages 2014, viewed 13 June 2014, <http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_portal_page_65>.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, N, Beger, M, McClennen, C, Ishoda, A & Edwards, F 2011, ‘Reimaanlok: a national framework for conservation area planning in the Marshall Islands’, Journal of Marine Biology, vol. 2011, Article ID 273034. doi:10.1155/2011/273034.
   Google Scholar
• Beger, M, McGowan, J, Treml, EA, Green, AL, White, AT, Wolff, NH, Klein, CJ, Mumby, PJ & Possingham, HP 2015, ‘Integrating regional conservation priorities for multiple objectives into national policy’, Nature Communications, vol. 6, p. 8208. doi:101038/ncomms9208 doi: 10.1038/ncomms9208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, H, Francis, J & Souter, P 2002, ‘Support to marine research for sustainable management of marine and coastal resources in the western Indian Ocean’, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 597–601. doi: 10.1579/0044-7447-31.7.597
   Google Scholar
• Bigano, A, Hamilton, JM, Lau, M, Tol, RS & Zhou, Y 2007, ‘A global database of domestic and international tourist numbers at national and subnational level’, International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 147–174. doi: 10.1002/jtr.602
   Google Scholar
• Bouchard, C & Crumplin, W 2011, ‘Two faces of France: “France of the Indian Ocean”/“France in the Indian Ocean”’, Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 161–182. doi: 10.1080/19480881.2011.637423
   Google Scholar
• Chircop, A, Francis, J, van Der Elst, R, Pacule, H, Guerreiro, J, Grilo, C & Carneiro, G 2010, ‘Governance of marine protected areas in East Africa: a comparative study of Mozambique South Africa, and Tanzania’, Ocean Development & International Law, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1–33. doi: 10.1080/00908320903285398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, JE, McClanahan, TR, Graham, NAJ, Daw, TM, Maina, J, Stead, SM, Wamukota, A, Brown, K & Bodin, Ö 2012a, ‘Vulnerability of coastal communities to key impacts of climate change on coral reef fisheries’, Global Environmental Change, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 12–20. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinner, JE, Daw, TM, McClanahan, TR, Muthiga, N, Abunge, C, Hamed, S, Mwaka, B & Jiddawi, N 2012b, ‘Transitions toward co-management: the process of marine resource management devolution in three East African countries’, Global Environmental Change, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 651–658. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coll, M, Piroddi, C, Albouy, C, Ben Rais Lasram, F, Cheung, WWL, Christensen, V, Karpouzi, VS, Guilhaumon, F, Mouillot, D, Paleczny, M, Palomares, ML, Steenbeek, J, Trujillo, P, Watson, R & Pauly, D 2012, ‘The Mediterranean Sea under siege: spatial overlap between marine biodiversity, cumulative threats and marine reserves’, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 465–480. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00697.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coral Triangle Initiative 2017, viewed 11 September 2017 <http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.org/>.
   Google Scholar
• Crona, B & Rosendo, S 2011, ‘Outside the law? Analyzing policy gaps in addressing fishers’ migration in East Africa’, Marine Policy, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 379–388. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallimer, M & Strange, N 2015, ‘Why socio-political borders and boundaries matter in conservation’, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 132–139. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Santo, EM, Jones, PJS & Miller, AMM 2011, ‘Fortress conservation at sea: a commentary on the Chagos Marine Protected Area’, Marine Policy, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 258–260. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley, JP, Ginsberg, JR, Plumptre, AJ, Hart, JA & Campos, LC 2002, ‘Effects of war and civil strife on wildlife and wildlife habitats’, Conservation Biology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 319–329. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00306.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, R 2006, ‘The potential and pitfalls of global environmental governance: the politics of transfrontier conservation areas in Southern Africa’, Political Geography, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 89–112. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne, RP, Polunin, NV, Sand, PH & Johnson, ML 2014, ‘The creation of the Chagos Marine Protected Area: a fisheries perspective’, Advances in Marine Biology, vol. 69, pp. 79–127. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800214-8.00003-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar, GJ, Stuart-Smith, RD, Willis, TJ, Kininmonth, S, Baker, SC, Banks, S, Barrett, NS, Becerro, MA, Bernard, ATF, Berkhout, J, Buxton, CD, Campbell, SJ, Cooper, AT, Davey, M, Edgar, SC, Forsterra, G, Galvan, DE, Irigoyen, AJ, Kushner, DJ, Moura, R, Parnell, PE, Shears NT, Soler, G, Strain, EMA & Thomson, RJ 2014, ‘Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features’, Nature, vol. 506, no. 7487, pp. 216–220.
   Google Scholar
• Francis, J, Nilsson, A & Waruinge, D 2002, ‘Marine protected areas in the Eastern African region: how successful are they?’ AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 503–511. doi: 10.1579/0044-7447-31.7.503
   Google Scholar
• Gifford, R & Dunne, RP 2014, ‘A dispossessed people: the depopulation of the Chagos Archipelago 1965–1973’, Population, Space and Place, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 37–49. doi: 10.1002/psp.1754
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillett, R & Lightfoot, C 2001, The contribution of fisheries to the economies of Pacific Island countries, Asian Development Bank, PO Box 789, 0980 Manila, Philippines.
   Google Scholar
• Global Environmental Facility 2017, viewed 14 September 2017 <http://www.thegef.org/projects>.
   Google Scholar
• GMBD 2014, Winter 2014 edition of the global maritime boundaries database, Global GIS Data Services, LLC, Herndon, VA, 20171.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, J, Adams, K, Albert, J, Asher, J, Brown, P, Brown, V & Zgliczynski, B 2008, ‘Status of coral reef resources in Micronesia and American Samoa: 2008’, Status of Coral Reefs of the World, vol. 1, pp. 199–212.
   Google Scholar
• Grilo, C, Chircop, A & Guerreiro, J 2012, ‘Prospects for transboundary marine protected areas in East Africa’, Ocean Development & International Law, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 243–266. doi: 10.1080/00908320.2012.672297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groeneveld, J 2015a, ‘The Western Indian Ocean as a source of food’, in UNEP-Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA, 2015, The Regional State of the Coast Report: Western Indian Ocean, UNEP and WIOMSA, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 261–270.
   Google Scholar
• Groeneveld, J 2015b, ‘Capture fisheries’, in UNEP-Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA, 2015, The Regional State of the Coast Report: Western Indian Ocean, UNEP and WIOMSA, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 273–286.
   Google Scholar
• Guerreiro, J, Chircop, A, Dzidzornu, D, Grilo, C, Ribeiro, R, van der Elst, R & Viras, A 2011, ‘The role of international environmental instruments in enhancing transboundary marine protected areas: an approach in East Africa’, Marine Policy, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 95–104. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.06.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerreiro, J, Chircop, A, Grilo, C, Viras, A, Ribeiro, R & van der Elst, R 2010, ‘Establishing a transboundary network of marine protected areas: diplomatic and management options for the East african context’, Marine Policy, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 896–910. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero, AM, McAllister, R, Corcoran, J & Wilson, KA 2013, ‘Scale mismatches, conservation planning, and the value of social-network analyses’, Conservation Biology, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 35–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01964.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammill, E, Tulloch, AIT, Possingham, HP, Strange, N & Wilson, KA 2016, ‘Factoring attitudes towards armed conflict risk into selection of protected areas for conservation’, Nature Communications, vol. 7, p. 11042. doi:101038/ncomms11042 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, T, Brooks, TM, Da Fonseca, GA, Hoffmann, M, Lamoreux, JF, Machlis, G, Mittermeier, CG, Mittermeier, RA & Pilgrim, JD 2009, ‘Warfare in biodiversity hotspots’, Conservation Biology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 578–587. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01166.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, CC 2011, ‘How do we value our reefs? Risks and tradeoffs across scales in “biomass-based” economies’, Coastal Management, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 358–376. doi: 10.1080/08920753.2011.589219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMaRS-USF (Institute for Marine Remote Sensing-University of South Florida) (2005). Millennium Coral Reef Mapping Project. Unvalidated maps. These maps are unendorsed by IRD, but were further interpreted by UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Cambridge (UK): UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
   Google Scholar
• IMaRS-USF, IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement) (2005). Millennium Coral Reef Mapping Project. Validated maps. Cambridge (UK): UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Indian Ocean Tuna Commission 2014, viewed 27 May 2014 <http://www.iotc.org>.
   Google Scholar
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017, viewed 11 September, 2017 <http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/spatial-data>.
   Google Scholar
• Kamat, VR 2014, ‘“The ocean is our farm”: marine conservation, food insecurity, and social suffering in southeastern Tanzania’, Human Organization, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 289–298. doi: 10.17730/humo.73.3.f43k115544761g0v
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, D, Bach, P, Bonhommeau, S, Chassot, E, Chavance, P, Dagorn, L, Davies, T, Dueri, S, Fletcher, R, Fonteneau, A, Fromentin, JM, Gaertner, D, Hampton, J, Hilborn, R, Hobday, A, Kearney, R, Kleiber, P, Lehodey, P, Marsac, F, Maury, O, Mees, C, Menard, F, Pearce, J & Sibert, J 2013, ‘The true challenge of giant marine reserves’, Science, vol. 340, no. 6134, pp. 810–811.
   Google Scholar
• Kark, S, Levin, N, Grantham, HS & Possingham, HP 2009, ‘Between-country collaboration and consideration of costs increase conservation planning efficiency in the Mediterranean Basin’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 106, no. 36, pp. 15368–15373. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901001106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kark, S, Tulloch, A, Gordon, A, Mazor, T, Bunnefeld, N & Levin, N 2015, ‘Cross-boundary collaboration: key to the conservation puzzle’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol. 12, pp. 12–24. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, D, Kraay, A & Mastruzzi M (2011). ‘The worldwide governance indicators: methodology and analytical issues’, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 220–246. doi: 10.1017/S1876404511200046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil, P, Schweiger, O, Kühn, I, Kunin, WE, Kuussaari, M, Settele, J, Henle, K, Brotons, L, Pe’er, G, Lengyel, S, Moustakas, A, Steinicke, H & Storch, D 2012, ‘Patterns of beta diversity in Europe: the role of climate, land cover and distance across scales’, Journal of Biogeography, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1473–1486. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02701.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelleher, K 2015, ‘Building the blue economy’, in WIO Region 8th Conference of Parties Meeting for the Nairobi Convention, 22–24 June 2015 Mahe, Seychelles.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, CJ, Jupiter, SD, Selig, ER, Watts, ME, Halpern, BS, Kamal, M & Possingham, HP 2012, ‘Forest conservation delivers highly variable coral reef conservation outcomes’, Ecological Applications, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1246–1256. doi: 10.1890/11-1718.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koldewey, HJ, Curnick, D, Harding, S, Harrison, LR & Gollock, M 2010, ‘Potential benefits to fisheries and biodiversity of the Chagos Archipelago/British Indian Ocean Territory as a no-take marine reserve’, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1906–1915. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Corre, M, Jaeger, A, Pinet, P, Kappes, MA, Weimerskirch, H, Catry, T, Ramos, JA, Russell, JC, Shah, N & Jacquemet, S 2012, ‘Tracking seabirds to identify potential Marine Protected Areas in the tropical Western Indian Ocean’, Biological Conservation, vol. 156, pp. 83–93. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, N, Tulloch, AI, Gordon, A, Mazor, T, Bunnefeld, N & Kark, S 2013, ‘Incorporating socioeconomic and political drivers of international collaboration into marine conservation planning’, BioScience, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 547–563. doi: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.7.8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maina, J, de Moel, H, Zinke, J, Madin, J, McClanahan, T & Vermaat, JE 2013, ‘Human deforestation outweighs future climate change impacts of sedimentation on coral reefs’, Nature Communications, vol. 4, p. 30. doi:101038/ncomms2986 doi: 10.1038/ncomms2986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, LJ, Passmore, S, Richard, PM, Gray, RD & Atkinson, QD 2016, ‘Shared cultural history as a predictor of political and economic changes among nation states’, PloS One, vol. 11, no. 4, p. e0152979. doi:101371/journalpone0152979 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazor, T, Possingham, HP & Kark, S 2013, ‘Collaboration among countries in marine conservation can achieve substantial efficiencies’, Diversity and Distributions, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1380–1393. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR 1999, ‘Is there a future for coral reef parks in poor tropical countries?’ Coral Reefs, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 321–325. doi: 10.1007/s003380050205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR 2011, ‘Coral reef fish communities in management systems with unregulated fishing and small fisheries closures compared with lightly fished reefs–Maldives vs Kenya’, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 186–198. doi: 10.1002/aqc.1172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR 2012, ‘Scaling the management values divide’, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 565–568. doi: 10.1002/aqc.2276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR & Abunge, CA 2016, ‘Perceptions of fishing access restrictions and the disparity of benefits among stakeholder communities and nations of south Eastern Africa’, Fish and Fisheries, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 417–437. doi: 10.1111/faf.12118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR & Cinner, JE 2012, Adapting to a changing environment: confronting the consequences of climate change, Oxford University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR, Allison, EH & Cinner, JE 2013a, ‘Managing marine resources for food and human security’ in CB Barrett (ed.), Food security and sociopolitical stability, Oxford University Press, New York, Chapter 6.
   Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR, Cinner, J & Abunge, C 2013b, ‘Identifying management preferences, institutional organizational rules and attributes, and their capacity to improve fisheries management in Pemba, Mozambique’, African Journal of Marine Science, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 47–56. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2013.769912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR, Graham, NAJ, Macneil, MA & Cinner, JE 2015, ‘Biomass-based targets and the management of multispecies coral reef fisheries’, Conservation Biology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 409–417. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR, Maina, JM & Muthiga, NA 2011a, ‘Associations between climate stress and coral reef diversity in the western Indian Ocean’, Global Change Biology, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 2023–2032. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02395.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR, Graham, NA, MacNeil, MA, Muthiga, NA, Cinner, JE, Bruggemann, JH & Wilson, SK 2011b, ‘Critical thresholds and tangible targets for ecosystem-based management of coral reef fisheries’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 41, pp. 17230–17233. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1106861108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClanahan, TR, Maina, JM, Graham, NA & Jones, KR 2016, ‘Modeling reef fish biomass, recovery potential, and management priorities in the Western Indian Ocean’, PloS One, vol. 11, no. 5, p. e0154585. doi:101371/journalpone0154585 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDorman, TL 1988, ‘Extended jurisdiction and ocean resource conflict in the Indian Ocean’, International of Journal Estuarine & Coastal Law, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 208–234. doi: 10.1163/187529988X00175
   Google Scholar
• Micronesia Challenge 2017, viewed 11 September 2017 <http://www.micronesiachallenge.org/>.
   Google Scholar
• Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances 2014, viewed 26 May 2014 <http://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/dataset/statistiques-regionales-et-departementales-du-commerce-exterieur>.
   Google Scholar
• Newton, K, Cote, IM, Pilling, GM, Jennings, S & Dulvy, NK 2007, ‘Current and future sustainability of island coral reef fisheries’, Current Biology, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 655–658. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pala, C 2013, ‘Giant marine reserves pose vast challenges’, Science, vol. 339, no. 6120, pp. 640–641. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6120.640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obura, D 2012, ‘The diversity and biogeography of Western Indian ocean reef-building corals’, PloS One, vol. 7, no. 9, p. e45013. doi:101371/journalpone0045013 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obura, D 2015, ‘Deep sea and offshore/pelagic habitats’, in UNEP-Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA, 2015, The Regional State of the Coast Report: Western Indian Ocean, UNEP and WIOMSA, Nairobi, Kenya pp. 115–126.
   Google Scholar
• Ocean Data Viewer 2017, viewed 11 September, 2017 <http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/1>.
   Google Scholar
• Odido, M 1998, Marine Science Country Profiles: Kenya, IOCINCWIO-IV/Inf 5 IOC/WIOMSA: [sl] 49 pp Available in VLIZ: Open access 246467 <http://wwwvlizbe/imisdocs/publications/246467pdf>.
   Google Scholar
• Parravicini, V, Villéger, S, McClanahan, TR, Arias-González, JE, Bellwood, DR, Belmaker, J, Chabanet, P, Floeter, SR, Friedlander, AM & Guilhaumon, F 2014, ‘Global mismatch between species richness and vulnerability of reef fish assemblages’, Ecology Letters, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1101–1110. doi: 10.1111/ele.12316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollnac, R, Christie, P, Cinner, JE, Dalton, T, Daw, TM, Forrester, GE, Graham, NAJ & McClanahan, TR 2010, ‘Marine reserves as linked social–ecological systems’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 107, no. 43, pp. 18262–18265. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908266107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouzols, F M, Toivonen, T, Di Minin, E, Kukkala, A S, Kullberg, P, Kuusterä, J & Moilanen, A 2014, ‘Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism’, Nature, vol. 516, no. 7531, pp. 383–386. doi: 10.1038/nature14032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prideaux, M 2001, ‘Discussion of a regional agreement for small cetacean conservation in the Indian Ocean’, California Western International Law Journal, vol. 32, pp. 211–252.
   Google Scholar
• Protected Planet 2017, viewed 13 September, 2017 <https://protectedplanet.net/marine>.
   Google Scholar
• Punt, MJ, Weikard, HP, van Ierland, EC, & Stel, JH 2012, ‘Large scale marine protected areas for biodiversity conservation along a linear gradient: cooperation, strategic behavior or conservation autarky?’ Environmental and Resource Economics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 203–228. doi: 10.1007/s10640-012-9559-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasuriya, A, Zahir, H, Venkataraman, K, Islam, Z & Tamelander, J 2004, ‘Status of coral reefs’ in Proceedings of the Ninth International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, pp. 213–234.
   Google Scholar
• Rochette, J, Billé, R, Molenaar, EJ, Drankier, P & Chabason, L 2015, ‘Regional oceans governance mechanisms: a review’, Marine Policy, vol. 60, pp. 9–19. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2015.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocliffe, S, Peabody, S, Samoilys, M & Hawkins, JP 2014, ‘Towards a network of locally managed marine areas (LMMAs), in the Western Indian Ocean’, PloS One, vol. 9, no. 7, p. e103000.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, JC & Le Corre, M 2009, ‘Introduced mammal impacts on seabirds in the Iles Eparses, Western Indian Ocean’, Marine Ornithology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 121–128.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, JC, Cole, N, Zuël, N & Rocamora, G 2016, ‘Introduced mammals on Western Indian Ocean islands’, Global Ecology and Conservation, vol. 6, pp. 132–144. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint-Mézard, I 2013, ‘The French strategic vision of the Indian Ocean’, Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 53–68. doi: 10.1080/19480881.2013.793910
   Google Scholar
• Sale, PF 2015, ‘Coral reef conservation and political will’, Environmental Conservation, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 97–101. doi: 10.1017/S0376892914000344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salm, RV 1983, ‘Coral reefs of the Western Indian ocean: a threatened heritage’, Ambio, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 349–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandwith, T, Shine, C, Hamilton, L & Sheppard, D 2001, Transboundary protected areas for peace and co-operation, IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Selig, ER, Turner, WR, Troëng, S, Wallace, BP, Halpern, BS, Kaschner, K, Lascelles, BG, Carpenter, KE & Mittermeier, RA 2014, ‘Global priorities for marine biodiversity conservation’, PloS One, vol. 9, no. 1, e82898. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakeela, M. 2013, Sub: pledge from Maldives towards achieving Aichi Biodiversitv Targets, viewed 11 September, 2017 <https://www.cbd.int/doc/champions/pledge-2013-02-05-mv-en.pdf>.
   Google Scholar
• Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries 2014,  www.swiofp.net/publications/appendix-v-treaties.xlsx (accessed 21 May, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Spalding, MD, Fox, HE, Allen, GR, Davidson, N, Ferdaña, ZA, Finlayson, MAX & Robertson, J 2007, ‘Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas’, BioScience, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 573–583.
   Google Scholar
• Themnér, L & Wallensteen, P 2013, ‘Armed conflicts, 1946–2012’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 509–521. doi: 10.1177/0022343313494396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiessen, AH 1911, ‘Precipitation averages for large areas’, Monthly Weather Review, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 1082–1084.
   Google Scholar
• Tobey, J & Torell, E 2006, ‘Coastal poverty and MPA management in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar’, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 834–854. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trade Map 2014, viewed 26 May 2014 <http://www.trademap.org>.
   Google Scholar
• Treml, EA, Fidelman, PI, Kininmonth, S, Ekstrom, JA & Bodin, Ö 2015, ‘Analyzing the (mis) fit between the institutional and ecological networks of the Indo-West Pacific’, Global Environmental Change, vol. 31, pp. 263–271. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN Comtrade Database 2017, viewed 11 September 2017 <https://comtrade.un.org/>.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP-Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA 2015, The Regional State of the Coast Report: Western Indian Ocean UNEP and WIOMSA, Nairobi, Kenya, 546 pp.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP-WCMC, WorldFish Centre, WRI, TNC 2010, Global distribution of warm-water coral reefs, compiled from multiple sources (listed in “Coral_Sourcemdb” and including IMaRS-USF and IRD (2005), IMaRS-USF (2005), and Spalding et al (2001), Cambridge, UK: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre <dataunep-wcmcorg/datasets/13>.
   Google Scholar
• [UNWTO] United Nations World Tourism Organization 2013, Compendium of Tourism Statistics: Data 2007–2011 UNWTO.
   Google Scholar
• Uppsala Conflict Data Program 2014, viewed 29 May 2014 <http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP/>.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Elst, R, Everett, B, Jiddawi, N, Mwatha, G, Afonso, PS & Boulle, D 2005, ‘Fish, fishers and fisheries of the Western Indian ocean: their diversity and status. A preliminary assessment’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 363, no. 1826, pp. 263–284. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vousden, D, Scott, EP, Sauer, W, Bornman, TG, Ngoile, M, Stapley, J & Lutjeharms, JRE 2008, ‘Establishing a basis for ecosystem management in the Western Indian Ocean’, South African Journal of Science, vol. 104, no. 11–12, pp. 417–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, A, White, AT, Tighe, S, Alino, PM, Laroya, L, Darmawan, A, Kasasiah, A, Abdul Hamid, S, Vave-Karamui, A, Genia, V, Martins, LDJ & Green, AL 2014, ‘Establishing a functional region-wide coral triangle marine protected area system’, Coastal Management, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 107–127. doi: 10.1080/08920753.2014.877765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, S, Burgess, N & Ngusaru, A 2007, ‘Towards the 2012 marine protected area targets in Eastern Africa’, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 67–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Western, D 2003, ‘Conservation science in Africa and the role of international collaboration’, Conservation Biology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 11–19. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02089.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association 2017, viewed 11 September 2017 <http://www.wiomsa.org/>.
   Google Scholar
• WIOMSA 2011, Migrant fishers and fishing in the Western Indian Ocean: socio-economic dynamics and implications for management Final Report of Commissioned Research Project MASMA/CR/2008/02.
   Google Scholar
• Wolmer, W 2003, ‘Transboundary conservation: the politics of ecological integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park’, Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 261–278. doi: 10.1080/0305707032000060449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank Open Data 2014, viewed 27 May 2014 <http://data.worldbank.org>.
   Google Scholar
• Worm, B & Branch, TA 2012, ‘The future of fish’, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 594–599. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worm, B, Hilborn, R, Baum, JK, Branch, TA, Collie, JS, Costello, C, Fogarty, MJ, Fulton, EA, Hutchings, JA, Jennings, S, Jensen, OP, Lotze, HK, Mace, PM, McClanahan, TR, Minto, C, Palumbi, SR, Parma, AM, Ricard, D, Rosenberg, AA, Watson, R & Zeller, D 2009, ‘Rebuilding global fisheries’, Science, vol. 325, no. 5940, pp. 578–585. doi: 10.1126/science.1173146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, A, Stacey, N, & Holland, P 2006, ‘The cooperative framework for ocean and coastal management in the Pacific Islands: effectiveness, constraints and future direction’, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 739–763. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, KL & Schoeman, DS 2015, ‘Incorporating the spatial access priorities of fishers into strategic conservation planning and marine protected area design: reducing cost and increasing transparency’, ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 587–594. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsu122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, MY 2009, ‘European colonialism and territorial disputes in Africa: the Gulf of Guinea and the Indian Ocean’, Mediterranean Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 77–94. doi: 10.1215/10474552-2009-006
   Google Scholar