Trust, but customize: federalism’s impact on the Canadian COVID-19 response

References

• Bakvis, H., & Skogstad, G. (2012). Canadian federalism: Performance, effectiveness, and legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, M. (2020, April 15). Premiers don’t want emergencies act used during COVID-19 pandemic. Globe and Mail.
   Google Scholar
• Black, E. (1975). Divided loyalties: Canadian concepts of federalism. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cairns, A. (1990). The past and future of the Canadian administrative state. University of Toronto Law Journal, 40(3), 319–361.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, A. (2004) SARS and Public Health in Ontario. First Interim Report. Toronto: SARS Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Capano, G. (2020). Policy design and state capacity in the COVID-19 emergency in Italy: If you are not prepared for the (un)expected you can be only what you already are. Policy and Society.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capano, G., Howlett, M., Darryl., J., & Goyal, N. (2020). Mobilizing policy (in)capacity to fight COVID-19: Understanding variations in national responses. Policy and Society.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, T., & Bennett, B. (2014). Framing pandemic management: New governance, science or culture? Health Sociology Review, 23(2), 136–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carty, K., & Wolinetz, S. (2004). Political parties and the canadian federation’s coalition politics. In P. J. Meekison, et al. (Ed.), Canada: The state of the federation, 2002: Reconsidering the institutions of Canadian federalism (pp. 57–76). Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Castles, F. (1998). Comparative public policy: Patterns of post-war transformation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada. (2002). Building on values: The future of health care in Canada – Final report. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, M. (2005). Changing policy views at the local level: The effect of age, generations and policy-periods in five European countries. European Journal of Political Research, 44(1), 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deber, R. (2018). Treating health care: How the Canadian system works and how it could work better. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ditchburn, J., & Graham, F. (Eds.). (2016). The Harper factor: Assessing a prime minister’s policy legacy. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fife, R. (2020, March 13). Canada-U.S. border expected to stay closed to non-essential travel to June 21. Globe and Mail.
   Google Scholar
• Gasparini, R., Amicizia, D., Lai, P. L., & Panatto, D. (2012). Clinical and socioeconomic impact of seasonal and pandemic influenza in adults and the elderly. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 8(1), 21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girard, M. P., Tam, J. S., Assossou, O. M., & Kieny, M. P. (2010). The 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus pandemic: A review. Vaccine, 28(31), 4895–4902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of British Columbia. (2020). COVID-19 economic development resources. Retrieved from: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/employment-business/economic-development/funding-and-grants/covid-19-economic-development-resources
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2020). Canada’s COVID-19 economic response plan. Retrieved from: https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/economic-response-plan.html
   Google Scholar
• Government of Ontario. (2020). Ontario’s action plan: Responding to COVID‑19. Retrieved from: https://budget.ontario.ca/2020/marchupdate/
   Google Scholar
• Government of Québec. (2020). Financial assistance (COVID-19). Retrieved from: https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/health-issues/a-z/2019-coronavirus/financial-assistance-covid19/
   Google Scholar
• Harris, K., & Burke, A. (2020). The long-term care crisis: How B.C. controlled COVID-19 while Ontario, Quebec face disaster. CBC. Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/long-term-care-crisis-covid19-pandemic-1.5589097
   Google Scholar
• Health Canada. (2004). Learning from SARS: Renewal of public health in Canada – Report of the national advisory committee on SARS and public health. Ottawa: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, P. (2007). Constitutional law of Canada. Scarborough: Thomson Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M. (1999). Federalism and public policy. In J. Bickerton & G. Alain (Eds.), Canadian politics (3rd ed.). (pp. 523–539) Peterborough: Broadview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M. (2002). Understanding national administrative styles and their impact upon administrative reform: A neo-institutional model and analysis. Policy, Organisation and Society, 21(1), 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., Ed. (2017). In M. Howlett, A. Wellstead, and J. Craft (Eds.), Policy work in Canada: Professional practices and analytical Capacities. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., & Tosun, J. (2018). Policy styles: A new approach. In M. Howlett & J. Tosun (Eds.), Policy styles and policy making. Exploring the linkages (pp. 3–21). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., & Migone, A. (2019). Over-promising and under-delivering: The Canadian policy style. In M. Howlett & J. Tosun (Eds.), Policy styles and policy making. Exploring the linkages (pp. 137–156). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• JCBPEW - Joint Centre for Bioethics Pandemic Ethics Working. (2009). Public engagement on social distancing in a pandemic: A Canadian perspective. The American Journal of Bioethics, 9(11), 15–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juillet, L., & Koji, J. (2014). Reforming the multilevel governance of emergencies: Municipalities and the discursive politics of Canada’ emergency management policy. In K. Graham & C. Andrew (Eds.), Canada in cities (pp. 39–74). Montreal and Kingston: MQUP.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, A. (2019). The challenges of building pandemic response systems based on unique cases 2003 SARS, 2009 A(H1N1) and 2014 Ebola epidemic. In M. Bourrier, et al., (Ed.). Managing the global health response to epidemics: Social science perspectives (pp. 21–69). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kernaghan, K. (1979). Power, parliament and public servants in Canada. Canadian Public Policy, 5(3), 366–382.
   Google Scholar
• Kilbourne, E. (2006). Influenza pandemics of the 20th century. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(1), 9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y.-W., Yoon, S.-J., & Oh, I.-H. (2013). The economic burden of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in Korea. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 45(5), 390–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knill, C. (1999). Explaining cross-national variance in administrative reform: Autonomous versus instrumental bureaucracies. Journal of Public Policy, 19(2), 113–139.
   Google Scholar
• Knill, C., Bayerlein, L., Enkler, J., & Grohs, S. (2019). Bureaucratic influence and administrative styles in international organizations. The Review of International Organizations, 14(1), 83–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Selva, S. (1996). The moral foundations of Canadian federalism. Paradoxes, achievements, and tragedies of nationhood. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, T., Taylor-Gooby, P., & Kananen, J. (2006). New labour’s policy style: A mix of policy approaches. Journal of Social Policy, 35(4), 629–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, D. (2004). SARS: Lessons from Toronto. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacDougall, H. (2007). Toronto’s health department in action: Influenza in 1918 and SARS in 2003. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 62(1), 56–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallory, J. R. (1965). The five faces of federalism. In P.-A. Crepeau & C. B. MacPherson (Eds.), The future of Canadian federalism/L’Avenir du federalisme canadien (pp. 3–15). Toronto: Toronto University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marchildon, G. (2013). Canada: Health system review. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Maunder, R., Leszcz, M., Savage, D., Adam, M. A., Peladeau, N., Romano, D., & Schulman, R. B. (2008). Applying the lessons of SARS to pandemic influenza. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 99(6), 486–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall, C. (2014). Looking for trouble: Developing and implementing a national network for infectious disease surveillance in Canada. In R. Deber, C. Mah, et al. (Eds..), Case studies in Canadian health policy and management (2nd ed., pp. 179–205). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merkley, E., Bridgman, A., Loewen, P. J., Owen, T., Ruths, D., & Zhilin, O. (2020). A rare moment of cross-partisan consensus: Elite and public response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 1–8. doi:10.1017/S0008423920000311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghadas, S., Pizzi, N. J., Wu, J., Tamblyn, S. E., & Fisman, D. N. (2011). Canada in the face of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 5(2), 83–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montpetit, É., Rothmayr, C., & Varone, F. (2005). Institutional vulnerability to social constructions: Federalism, target populations, and policy designs for assisted reproductive technology in six democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 38(2), 119–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, T., & Phillips, K. (2019). From SARS to pandemic influenza: The framing of high-risk populations. Natural Hazards, 98(1), 103–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painter, M., & Peters, G. (2010). Administrative traditions in comparative perspective: Families, groups and hybrids. In M. Painter & B. G. Peters (Eds.), Tradition and public administration (pp. 19–30). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Panitch, L. (1977). The Canadian state: Political economy and political power. Toronto: Toronto University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paquet, M., & Schertzer, R. (2020). COVID-19 as a complex intergovernmental problem. Canadian Journal of Political Science. forthcoming. doi: 10.1017/S0008423920000281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, G., Doughtie, J. C., & Kathleen McCulloch, M. (1978). Do public policies vary in different types of democratic system? In P. G. Lewis, D. C. Potter, & F. G. Castles (Eds.), The practice of comparative politics: A reader (pp. 70–100). London: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, C. (2020, June 04). The top doctor who aced the coronavirus test. New York Times.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. (2018). Canadian pandemic influenza preparedness: Planning guidance for the health sector. Ottawa: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. (1982). The concept of policy style. In J. J. Richardson, et al. (Ed.), Policy styles in western Europe (pp. 1–16). London: George Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Rocco, P., Béland, D., & Waddan, A. (2020). Stuck in neutral? Federalism, policy instruments, and counter-cyclical responses to COVID-19 in the United States. Policy and Society.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosella, L., Wilson, K., Crowcroft, N. S., Chu, A., Upshur, R., Willison, D., … Goel, V. (2013). Pandemic H1N1 in Canada and the use of evidence in developing public health policies – A policy analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 83(Complete), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders-Hastings, P., & Krewski, D. (2016). Reviewing the history of pandemic influenza: Understanding patterns of emergence and transmission. Pathogens, 5, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savoie, D. (1999). Governing from the centre: The concentration of power in Canadian politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schanzer, D., Zheng, H., & Gilmore, J. (2011). Statistical estimates of absenteeism attributable to seasonal and pandemic influenza from the Canadian labour force survey. BMC Infectious Diseases, 11(1), 90–97.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, M. L., Perrier, L., Cohen, J. M., Paget, W. J., Mosnier, A., & Späth, H. M. (2015). A literature review to identify factors that determine policies for influenza vaccination. Health Policy, 119(6), 697–708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeon, R. (1972). Federal-provincial diplomacy: The making of recent policy in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Simeon, R. (1980). Intergovernmental relations and the challenges to Canadian federalism. Canadian Public Administration, 23(1), 14–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiley, D. (1987). The federal condition in Canada. Toronto: McGraw Hill Ryerson.
   Google Scholar
• Stuart, N., & Adams, J. (2007). The sustainability of canada’s healthcare system: A framework for advancing the debate. Healthcare Quarterly, 10(2), 96–103.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, M., & Maslove, A. (2009). Health insurance and Canadian public policy: The seven decisions that created the health insurance system and their outcomes. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, V. (2020). Health and health care delivery in Canada. Toronto: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Thornbun, H. G. (ed.). (2000). Party politics in Canada (8th ed.). Scarborough: Prentice Hall Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Tombe, T. (2018). Final, unalterable (and up for negotiation): federal-provincial transfers in Canada. Canadian Tax Journal, 66(4), 871–917.
   Google Scholar
• Tuohy, C. (1992). Policy and politics in Canada: Institutionalized ambivalence. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tyshenko, M., & Paterson, C. (2010). SARS unmasked: Risk communication of pandemics and influenza in Canada. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, D. (1986). National styles of regulation: Environmental policy in Great Britain and the United States. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, R. (1989). Executive federalism: A comparative analysis. Research Paper 26. Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University.
   Google Scholar
• Weible, C., Nohrstedt, D., Cairney, P., Carter, D. P., Crow, D. A., Durnová, A. P., … Stone, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the policy sciences: Initial reactions and perspectives. Policy Sciences, 53, 225–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker, R. (1992). A sovereign idea: Essays on Canada as a democratic community. Montreal and Kingston: MQUP Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilder, M., & Howlett, M. (2015). Bringing the provinces back in: Re-evaluating the relevance of province-building to theories of Canadian federalism and multi-level governance. Canadian Political Science Review, 9(3), 1–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2017). Pandemic influenza risk management. A WHO guide to inform and harmonize national and international pandemic preparedness and response. Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Zoutman, D., Ford, B. D., Melinyshyn, M., & Schwartz, B. (2010). The pandemic influenza planning process in Ontario acute care hospitals. American Journal of Infection Control, 38(1), 3–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar