The COVID-19 Pandemic Highlights the Need for Open Design Not Just Open Hardware

References

• Bacon, J. 2012. The Art of Community: Building the New Age of Participation, 2nd Ed., Sebastopol, CA: O’Riley.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, N., L. Carvalho, and S. Nunes. 2015. “A Methodology to Measure Innovation in European Union through the National Innovation System.” International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development 6 (2): 159–180. doi:10.1504/IJIRD.2015.069703.
   Google Scholar
• CERN. 2020. “CERN Open Hardware Licence version 2.” Accessed July 8, 2020. https://ohwr.org/project/cernohl/wikis/Documents/CERN-OHL-version-2
   Google Scholar
• Chagas, A. M. 2018. “Haves and Have Nots Must Find a Better Way: The Case for Open Scientific Hardware.” PLoS Biology 16 (9): e3000014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Comar, G., C. Comar, F. Gasperoni, and J. Ruiz. 2009. “Open-do: An Open-source Initiative for the Development of Safety-critical Software.”
   Google Scholar
• DIN. 2020. “DIN SPEC 3105-1—Open Source Hardware—Teil 1: Requirements for Technical Documentation.”
   Google Scholar
• Dosemagen, L., M. Liboiron, and J. Molloy. 2017. “Gathering for Open Science Hardware.” Journal of Open Hardware 1 (1): 2016. doi:10.5334/joh.5.
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., A. Webster, and P. Healey.1998. Capitalizing Knowledge: New Intersections of Industry and Academia. Albany, NY: Suny Press.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. 2017. “Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on Medical Devices, Amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and Repealing Council Directives 90/385/EEC and 93/42/EEC.” Official Journal of the European Union L 117: L 117/1–L 117/175
   Google Scholar
• Gaudeul, A. 2007. “Do Open Source Developers Respond to Competition? The Latex Case Study.” Review of Network Economics 6 (2): 239–263. doi:10.2202/1446-9022.1119.
   Google Scholar
• Giuri, R, F. Rullani, and S. Torrisi. 2008. “Explaining Leadership in Virtual Teams: The Case of Open Source Software.” Information Economics and Policy 20 (4): 305–315. doi:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government Digital Service. 2017. “Be Open and Use Open Source.” Accessed July 8, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/be-open-and-use-open-source
   Google Scholar
• ISO. 2016. “Medical Devices—Quality Management Systems—Requirements for Regulatory Purposes (ISO 13485:2016).”
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, B., S. Bahl, R. Vaishya, and A. Vaish. 2020. “Challenges and Solutions in Meeting up the Urgent Requirement of Ventilators for Covid-19 Patients.” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 14: 499–501. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, H., I. Sells, P. Olliver, R. Jones, P. Haufe, E. Sells, P. Iravani, V. Olliver, C. Palmer, and A. Bowyer. 2011. “Reprap–the Replicating Rapid Prototyper.” Robotica 29 (1): 177–191. doi:10.1017/S026357471000069X.
   Google Scholar
• Mackintosh, S. J. 2018. An Open Digital Approach for the NHS: Part One—Policies, Principles & Practices. London, UK: OpenUK, chapter 7.1.
   Google Scholar
• O’Mahony, S.,and F. Ferraro. 2007. “The Emergence of Governance in an Open Source Community.” Academy of Management Journal 50 (5): 1079–1106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Open Covid Pledge. 2020. “Founding Adopters.” Accessed July 9, 2020. https://opencovidpledge.org/partners.
   Google Scholar
• OSHWA. 2016. “OSHWA Certification.” Accessed July 8, 2020. https://certification.oshwa.org/
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. M. 2020. “A Review of Open Source Ventilators for Covid-19 and Future Pandemics.” F1000Research 9: 218. doi:10.12688/f1000research.22942.1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piaggio, M., D. Medenou, R. C. Houessouvo, and L. Pecchia. 2019. “Donation of Medical Devices in Low-Income Countries: preliminary Results from Field Studies.” In International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, Springer, 423–427.
   Google Scholar
• Raymond, E. 1999. “The Cathedral and the Bazaar.” Knowledge, Technology & Policy 12 (3): 23–49.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling, S., M. Nyakyi, B. Collins, M. Knapper, B. McDermott, V. L. Sanga, et al. 2020. “The OpenFlexure Project. The Technical Challenges of Co-Developing a Microscope in the UK and Tanzania.” In 2019 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). (Accepted) doi:10.5281/zenodo.3862777.[Preprint].
   Google Scholar
• Svorc, J., and A. Katz. 2019. “Breathe in, Breathe Out: How Open Hardware Licensing Can Help save the World.” The Journal of Open Law, Technology & Society 11 (1): 49–56.
   Google Scholar
• Von Hippel, E. 2006. Democratizing Innovation. Geneva, Switzerland: The MIT Press, chapter 6.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2000. “Guidelines for Health Care Equipment Donations.”
   Google Scholar